Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- References -- Part I Challenges to accepted views of convergence and divergence in language contact situations -- Divergence, convergence, contact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Case studies -- 2.1 The genealogical classification of Creole languages -- 2.2 Language mixing as double descent -- 2.2.1 Michif between French and Cree -- 2.2.2 Media Lengua between Spanish and Quechua -- 2.3 Re-lexification by dominating languages (Kultursprachen) -- 2.3.1 Chinese lexicon in Japanese -- 2.3.2 Arabic vocabulary in Persian -- 2.3.3 Further remarks on cultural re- lexification -- 2.4 Structural convergence of genetically distant languages -- 2.4.1 Japanese and Korean -- 2.4.2 Quechua and Aymara -- 2.4.3 General reflections on structural convergence -- 3. Limits of the tree metaphor -- 3.1 Communication barriers in biology and language -- 3.2 Limits to the generalisation of the Indo-European model -- 3.2.1 Australia and Dixon's "punctuated equilibrium" -- 3.2.2 New Guinea -- 3.2.3 The Romania -- 4. New research impulses -- 4.1 Joseph Greenberg: Macrofamilies in Eurasia and America -- 4.2 Outlines for a divergence-convergence-model: Inheritance, borrowing, or simply contact? -- 4.3 Theo Vennemann: Language contacts in Europe -- 5. Final remarks -- References -- Increases in complexity as a result of language contact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Competition between patterns leads to increased complexity -- 3. Competition often arises in language contact situations -- 4. The geographical dimension -- 5. Contact-induced suppletive patterns -- 6. Buffer zones -- 7. Definite articles in Scandinavian: Two grammaticalization waves meet -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Converging genetically related languages.

1. Introduction -- 2. From overt language contact phenomena to covert code mixing -- 2.1 Lexical code switching -- 2.2 Covert lexical code switching -- 2.3 Covert replication of the verbal frame -- 2.4 Overt replication of the verbal frame -- 2.5 On the rise of regional vernaculars and the process of standardisation -- 3. Conclusion: Outlining a code mixing hierarchy -- References -- Part II Convergence and divergence in different varieties in oral and written discourse -- Converging languages, diverging varieties -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intralingual variation and the Uniformitarian Principle -- 3. Background: The emergence of written Old Swedish -- 3.1 Old Swedish as a contact language -- 3.2 Language Ausbau -- 4. Relativisation patterns and syntactic Ausbau -- 4.1 Pronominal relative clauses -- 4.2 Appositive relative clauses -- 4.3 Ausbau phenomenon -- 4.4 Contact-induced innovation -- 5. Conclusion -- Glosses -- Sources -- References -- Converging verbal phrases in related languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Danish in Northern Germany and on the Faroe Islands -- 3. Methodology -- 4. Theoretical approach -- 5. Converging VPs -- 5.1 Semantic convergence in VPs -- 5.2 Syntactic convergence in VPs -- 5.3 Convergence in the morphological realization patterns of VPs -- 6. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Convergence and divergence of communicative norms through language contact in translation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The use of epistemic modal markers -- 2.1. The textual function of epistemic modal markers -- 2.2 German translation strategies of English epistemic modals -- 2.3 Possible reasons for increasing divergence -- 3. The use of sentence-initial concessive conjunctions -- 3.1 Quantitative findings -- 3.2 Translation analysis -- 3.3 Qualitative analysis of non-translated German texts -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

On the importance of spontaneous speech innovations in language contact situations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The importance of spontaneous speech innovation in language contact situations -- 2.1 Spontaneous speech innovation as the source of widespread systemic language change in Spanish -- 2.1.1 Contact-induced language change in Spain -- 2.1.1.1 Changes due to adstratum influence during the history of the Spanish -language -- 2.1.1.2 Spontaneous speech innovations in modern spoken language corpora of Catalan Spanish -- 2.1.2 Contact-induced language change in modern Spanish in the Americas -- 2.1.3 The social mechanisms of widespread systemic language change resulting from spontaneous -- 2.2 The sociolinguistic and ethnographic import of spontaneous speech innovation in Peninsular -- 2.2.1 Sociolinguistic/ethnographic import of spontaneous speech innovation in Catalan Spanish -- 2.2.2 Sociolinguistic/ethnographic import of spontaneous speech innovation in the Americas -- 3. The need to document and analyze spontaneous speech innovation in research on language con -- 3.1 Digital spoken language corpora -- 3.2 Preserving and accessing digital language data -- 3.3 Archiving spoken language data from contact dialects -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Part III Phonological processes of variation and change in bilingual individuals -- Gradient merging of vowels in Barcelona Catalan under the influence of Spanish -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Catalan-Spanish contact in Barcelona -- 1.2 Qualitative differences in vowel production -- 2. Method -- 2.1 Subjects -- 2.2 Materials and equipment -- 3. Experiment I -- 3.1. Procedure -- 3.2 Results of vowel production across districts -- 3.2.1 Production of /ε/ -- 3.2.2 Production of /c/ -- 3.2.3 Production of [ә] -- 3.3 Discussion -- 4. Experiment II -- 4.1 Procedure -- 4.2 Results of the acoustic analysis.

4.2.1 Production of /ε/ vs. /e/ -- 4.2.2 Production of /c/ vs. /o/ -- 4.2.3 Production of [ә] vs. /a/ -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5. General discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Comparing the representation of iambs by monolingual German, monolingual Spanish and bilingual German-Spanish children -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Brief description of metrical feet and stress in the target systems -- 2.1 German -- 2.2 Spanish -- 2.3 Hypotheses for early acquisition: Monolingual and bilingual -- 3. Empirical study -- 3.1 Subjects -- 3.2 Data and analysis -- 4. Results of the child data on metrical feet and stress -- 4.1 Truncation -- 4.2 Stress misplacement -- 4.3 Phonetic parameters of prominence in contrast -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Comparison between trochees and iambs -- 5.2 The hypotheses put to the test -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Author index -- Subject index -- the series Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism.