Cross-linguistic Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Preface -- The semantics of tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world -- 1. Interactions between tense and aspect -- 2. Modality and factuality -- 3. Different approaches to modality -- 4. Case and modality -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Incompatible categories -- 1. Introduction: Typology of syntagmatic dependencies between grammatical categories -- 2. Types of infelicitous combinations and their outcomes: Some illustrations -- 3. Perfective presents cross-linguistically: A resolution of an infelicitous combination -- 4. Other factors underlying grammeme (in)compatibility: Relevance -- 5. Functional factors in interaction: Markedness hierarchies -- 6. Constraining interaction of grammatical categories: An optimality-theoretic approach -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- The perfective/imperfective distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The interpretations of the perfective and imperfective -- 3. The analysis: Homogeneity versus quantizedness -- 3.1 A first sketch -- 3.2 Aspectual operators versus coercion -- 3.3 Evaluation of the two options -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Lexical and compositional factors in the aspectual system of Adyghe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A layered theory of aspectuality -- 3. Tense and aspect in Adyghe -- 4. Actional classes in Adyghe -- 5. Interaction of predicates with temporal adverbials in Adyghe -- 6. Arguments for the compositional account -- 7. Conclusions and implications -- Abbreviations -- References -- Event structure of non-culminating accomplishments -- 1. Failed attempts -- 2. Non-culminating accomplishments -- 2.1 Non-culminating accomplishments -- 2.2 Partitive theory -- 2.3 Problems for the partitive theory -- 2.3.1 One- vs. two-operator approaches.

2.3.2 One-operator approach: Morphological evidence -- 2.4 The partitive theory and perfectivity -- 3. Analyzing accomplishments -- 3.1 The difference -- 3.2 Non-decompositional theory of accomplishments -- 3.3 Predicate decomposition -- 3.4 Causative theory -- 3.4.1 Two problems -- 3.4.2 Looking for solutions -- 4. The proposal -- 4.1 Rothstein's theory of accomplishment event structure -- 4.2 Accomplishments vs. achievements -- 4.3 Mapping to a minimal final part -- 4.4 Deriving non-culminating readings -- 4.4.1 Failed attempts and partially successful actions -- 4.4.2 A rejected alternative: Accomplishment-to-activity shift -- 4.5 Advantages and further questions -- 4.5.1 The problem of the incremental chain -- 4.5.2 MMFP and contextual information -- 4.6 Non-restricted accomplishments -- 5. Intra- and cross-linguistic variation -- 5.1 Intra-linguistic variation: Delimitative verbs in Russian -- 5.2 Cross-linguistic variation: Parameters and constraints -- 6. Summary -- References -- The grammaticalised use of the Burmese verbs la 'come' and θwà 'go' -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The full lexical verbs la 'come' and θwà 'go' -- 3. The structure of Burmese independent clauses -- 4. The markers -la 'come' and -θwà 'go' -- 4.1 la 'come' and -θwà 'go' with motion verbs -- 4.1.1 la 'come' and -θwà 'go' with motion verbs in dialogues -- 4.1.2 la 'come' and -θwà 'go' with motion verbs in third-person narratives -- 4.2 la 'come' and -θwà 'go' with non-motion verbs -- 4.2.1 la 'come' with non-motion verbs -- 4.2.2 -θwà 'go' with non-motion verbs -- 4.2.3 -θwà 'go' and -lai? 'follow' -- 4.2.4 -θwà 'go' and anticausativity -- 4.2.5 Other uses of -θwà 'go' -- 5. Conclusion -- List of abbreviations -- References -- Irrealis in Yurakaré and other languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The tam system of Yurakaré -- 3. The realis-irrealis distinction in Yurakaré.

3.1 Switch reference -- 3.2 Emphatic predicate repetition -- 3.3 A notional characterization of irrealis in Yurakaré -- 4. The category of irrealis in other languages: Four points of comparison -- 4.1 Future tense -- 4.2 Imperatives -- 4.3 Negatives -- 4.4 Habitual -- 5. Analysis -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations used -- References -- On the selection of mood in complement clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parametric variation on mood selection within Romance languages -- 3. Approaches to mood selection -- 3.1 Mood selection and truth value -- 3.2 Mood selection and speech acts -- 4. Toward an analysis -- 4.1 Mood selection and the semantics of attitude verbs -- 4.2 Mood selection for complement clauses of epistemic non-factive verbs -- 4.3 General overview -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 'Out of control' marking as circumstantial modality in St'át'imcets -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Introducing the St'át'imcets marker ka-…-a -- 3. The interpretations of ka-…-a -- 3.1 The ability interpretation -- 3.2 The manage-to interpretation -- 3.3 The accidentally interpretation -- 3.4 The suddenly interpretation -- 3.5 The non-controllable interpretation -- 4. Unifying the interpretations -- 4.1 Manage-to = ability -- 4.2 Accidentally= suddenly = non-controllable = 'no-choice' -- 5. Ka-…-a as a circumstantial modal -- 5.1 Quantificational strength and conversational background: Modals in English and St'át'imcets -- 5.2 Circumstantial modality -- 5.3 The 'ability' interpretation of ka-…-a as an existential circumstantial reading -- 5.4 The no-choice reading of ka-…-a as a universal circumstantial reading -- 5.4.1 Universal circumstantials and the future -- 5.4.2 Circumstantial imperatives with ka-…-a -- 5.5 Unifying the existential and universal interpretations -- 6. Previous analyses -- 6.1 Ka-...-a as an 'out-of-control' morpheme.

6.2 Ka-…-a as an operator on event structure -- 7. Conclusion -- Appendix: Conversion chart from St'át'imcets practical orthography to IPA -- References -- Modal geometry -- 1. Introduction: Modality's Map -- 2. Global structure of the modal map -- 3. The place of deontic modality -- 4. Raising and control and modality's map -- 5. Conclusions: Connectivity and modal properties -- References -- Acquisitive modals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modality's semantic map revisited -- 3. Acquisitive possibility in MM -- 4. Acquisitive possibility in Northern Europe -- 5. Acquisitive possibility in South(east) Asia -- 6. Modality's map rerevisited -- 7. Other issues -- 8. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Conflicting constraints on the interpretation of modal auxiliaries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The basic readings of kunnen 'can' and moeten 'must' -- 3. The influence of the main predicate on the optimality of modal readings -- 4. Progressive aspect and the emergence of the epistemic reading -- 5. Second person and the directive (participant-external) reading -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Modality and context dependence -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formal semantics of modality -- 3. Three problems -- 3.1 Zvolenszky's problem -- 3.1.1 Original version -- 3.1.2 A problem for Zvolenszky? -- 3.1.3 Modified version -- 3.1.4 Conclusion -- 3.2 Combinations of modals -- 3.3 Modality in Lillooet and cross-linguistically -- 3.3.1 Lillooet -- 3.3.2 English -- 3.3.3 Cross-linguistic picture -- 3.3.4 Conclusion -- 4. A sketch -- 4.1 Britney again -- 4.2 Combinations revisited -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Verbal semantic shifts under negation, intensionality, and imperfectivity -- 1. The puzzle of the relation between negation and intensionality -- 2. Natural language patterns - strategies of marking different interpretations differently.

2.1 Marking opacity with subjunctive -- 2.2 Negative polarity items -- 3. Hypotheses -- 3.1 Scope differences -- 3.2 Possible non-uniform NP meanings -- 3.3 Property types and other "demotions" of NPs -- 3.4 Or coincidence? -- 3.5 Negation and implicitly intensional quantification -- 4. Partitivity and aspect in relation to negation and intensionality -- 4.1 Kiparsky (1998) on Finnish partitive and Russian imperfective -- 4.2 Levinson on imperfective in negated imperatives and Genitive of Negation -- 5. Conclusions and further research -- References -- The Estonian partitive evidential -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aspect and the partitive case -- 3. The evidential partitive form -- 4. Three hypotheses about the Modern Estonian partitive evidential -- 5. Independent partitive evidential uses: Reportative with incomplete evidence -- 6. The quotative: Verba dicendi -- 7. Mental epistemic verbs -- 8. Visual evidence and other types of sensory evidence: Verba sentiendi -- 9. Partial access to the relevant course of events: Unexpected results and verba sentiendi -- 10. Factors reducing the strength of evidence and the partitive evidential occurring with direct evidence -- 11. Summary of the data analysis and discussion -- 12. Summary -- References -- Index -- The series Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today.