Grammatical Change in Indo-European Languages -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Table of contents -- Editors' foreword -- My memories of Carol Justus -- The origin of the feminine gender in PIE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Some previous explanations -- 3. Setting the issue in a new perspective -- 4. Abstract and collective -- 5. Noun classification and individuation -- 6. From individuation to gender -- 7. The pre-prehistory of PIE gender: the two gender system -- 8. Summary and conclusions -- References -- The animacy fallacy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. "Animacy" and Latin noun classes -- 2.1 Morpho-syntactic features supporting Meillet's hypothesis -- 2.1.1 Syncretism of nominative and accusative. -- 2.1.2 The morpheme -M as a direct object marker -- 2.1.3 The features of the agentive Noun Phrase -- 2.2 Socio-cognitive arguments -- 3. Factors favoring the loss of the neuter as a grammatical category -- 4. Conclusions. Redefining grammatical gender -- References -- Corpus -- Default, animacy, avoidance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The 'Standard View' on early Germanic and its problems -- 3. Old High German 'inflected' and 'uninflected' predicate adjective agreement -- 4. Old Saxon gender neutralization in the plural -- 5. Conclusions and outlook -- References -- The early development of animacy in Novgorod -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous analyses of NSg msc o-stem -e -- 3. Evoking the vocative anew -- 3.1 The initial phase of innovation: phonetic change *-os > *-o -- 3.2 The locus of innovation: animates or inanimates? -- 3.3 Vocative origin of the NSg ending -e: morphological borrowing *-o > *-e -- 3.4 The lack of palatalization effects in velar stems -- 4. Evidence for the early development of animacy -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- The development of mass/count distinctions in Indo-European varieties.

1. Introduction -- 2. First stage or incipient stage of gender development -- 3. Second stage of gender development: extension of the new distinction -- 3.1 Extension according to the agreement hierarchy -- 3.1.1 Ibero-Romance dialects -- 3.1.2 Scandinavian languages -- 3.1.3 Towards the rise of new lexical genders -- 3.2 Extension not following the agreement hierarchy: South-Central Italian dialects -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Strategies of definiteness in Latin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Strategies of definiteness in Indo-European languages without definite articles -- 3. Strategies of definiteness in Latin -- 3.1 Definite / indefinite use of certain cases -- 3.2 Case alternation in certain verbs: genitive vs. accusative -- 3.3 Genitives vs. accusatives with verbs of remembering, forgetting -- 3.3.1 Data analysis: Babcock (1901) -- 3.3.2 Further analysis: case, aspect, and definiteness? -- 3.3.3 Summary of findings: case alternation, aspect and definiteness in Latin -- 3.4 Adjectives and definiteness: partitive adjectives -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- The rise and development of the possessive in Middle Iranian with parallels in Albanian -- 1. Old Iranian system of case -- 2. Middle Iranian adpositional system -- 3. Emergence of the accusative case and the possessive construction in Middle Persian -- 4. Typological parallel with the genitival construction in Albanian -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Does Homeric Greek have prepositions? Or local adverbs? -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Configurationality -- 1.2 Dependency -- 1.3 Definition and what we will be looking for -- 2. The corpus -- 3. The examples -- 3.1 Omissible PWs -- 3.1.1 Landmark noun is accusative -- 3.1.2 Landmark noun is genitive -- 3.1.3 Landmark noun is dative -- 3.2 Non-omissible particles -- 3.2.1 Landmark noun is accusative -- 3.2.2 Landmark noun is genitive.

3.2.3 Landmark noun is dative -- 3.3 Overview -- 3.4 Conclusions on the head/dependent status of the PW and the NPlm -- 4. The historical evolution of phrase structure -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix: discontinuous PW + Nlm structures in Homer -- 1. Omissible particles -- 1.1. Nlm is in the accusative -- 1.2. Nlm is in the genitive -- 1.3 Nlm is in the dative -- 2. Non-omissible particles -- 2.1 Nlm is in the accusative -- 2.2 Nlm is in the genitive -- 2.3 Nlm is in the dative -- 3. Nominal sentences -- On the origin of the Slavic aspects -- 1. Introduction - Tense and aspect -- 1.1 Perfective/Imperfective -- 1.2 Determinate/indeterminate -- 1.3 Imperfect/Aorist -- 1.4 Retrospective/absolute -- 1.5 Prospective/actual -- 2. Comparative and textual evidence -- 2.1 Comparative evidence -- 2.2 Textual evidence. -- 3. Towards a relative chronology of aspect grammations -- 3.1 Type A: De-inceptive auxiliaries. East Slavic -- 3.2 Type B: De-modal auxiliaries. South Slavic -- 3.3 Type C: The copular auxiliary, bqdq.prosp + l-form -- 3.4 The Type D Prospective: The de-existential auxiliary, bqdq.prosp + inf. -- 3.5 Spatial reflections of relative chronology -- 3.6 The Determinate/Indeterminate aspect -- 3.7 The Retrospective/Absolute aspect -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- The *-to-/-no- construction of Indo-European -- 1. Introduction -- 2. *-to-/-no- in the IE languages -- 2.1 Greek -- 2.2 Indo-Iranian -- 2.3 Italic -- 2.4 Germanic -- 2.5 Slavic -- 2.6 Baltic -- 2.7 Celtic -- 2.8 Tocharian and Hittite -- 3. Arguments for verbal adjective vs. participle -- 3.1 Relation with nominal system -- 3.2 Tense distinctions -- 3.3 Voice distinctions -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Grammaticalization of the verbal diathesis of Germanic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The active syntax of PIE -- 3. The role of indefinite subjects.

4. The grammaticalization of the direct object function -- 4.1 Comparison with the prepositional phrase -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- The origin and meaning of the first person singular consonantal markers of the Hittite Ti/mi conjugations -- References -- The origin of the oblique-subject construction and Indo-European Comparison* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The subject behavior of subject-like obliques -- 3. The origin of the oblique-subject construction -- 3.1 The topicality hypothesis -- 3.2 The null subject hypothesis -- 3.3 The Semantic development hypothesis -- 3.4 The free-dative hypothesis -- 3.5 The anti-causative hypothesis -- 3.6 Interim Summary -- 4. Oblique subjects as a characteristic of stative-active alignment -- 5. Conclusion and summary -- References -- Morphosyntactic changes in Persian and their effects on the syntax -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Old Iranian -- 3. Middle Iranian -- 3.1 Parthian -- 3.2 Middle Persian: -- 4. New Persian -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Possessive subjects, nominalization, and ergativity in North Russian -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The North Russian -n-/-t- construction. -- 2.1 Data -- 2.2 The u+Gen phrase as a surface subject -- 2.3 The u+Gen phrase as an agent phrase -- 2.4 Lexicalization of the phi-features in the participle -- 3. The development of the be-perfect in North Russian -- 3.1 Parallelism between the have-perfect and the be-perfect -- 3.2 Semantic and syntactic derivation of the u+Gen as an agentive subject -- 3.3 Voice shift: The rise of a new nominative object construction -- 3.4 A nominalized verb structure -- 4. Ergativity in North Russian -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- On the grammaticalization of *kwi-/kwo- relative clauses in Proto-Indo-European -- 1. Relative clauses in Proto-Indo-European -- 2. The grammaticalization of *kwi-/kwo- as a relative pronoun: The state of the art.

3. The relationship between indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns: the typological evidence -- 3.1 Synchronic evidence -- 3.2 Diachronic evidence -- 4. The grammaticalization of *kwi-/kwo- as a relative pronoun: New perspectives -- References -- Reconstruction of inflectional categories in Indo-European -- Formal correspondences, different functions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hittite -ant-, Greek -ont- and Vedic -ant- -- 3. Vedic dumane, vidmáne and Homeric and Lesbian δόμεναι, ἴδμεναι. -- 4. Difficulties arising from the assumption of formal correspondences -- 5. Infinitive sensu stricto in ancient IE languages -- 6. Results -- 7. Isolated cases in Old Avestan -- 8. Infinitives sensu stricto -- 9. Vedic: two types of ablaut -- 10. Infinitive? -- 11. Instrumental sociative function -- 12. Avestan -manal -- 13. Summary -- References -- Author index -- Index of languages and dialects -- Index of subjects -- The series CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY.