e9780123743671v1 -- Front Cover -- Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Third Edition -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents of Volume 1 -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section I: Pesticide Uses -- Chapter 1. Dose and Time Determining, and Other Factors Influencing, Toxicity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Dose and Time as Fundamental Variables of Toxicity -- 1.1.2 Definition of Dose and Time -- 1.1.3 Dose and Time Relationships -- 1.1.4 Analogy to Thermodynamics -- 1.2 Kinds of toxicity -- 1.2.1 Nature of the Injury -- 1.2.2 Duration of the Injury -- 1.3 Quantitation of dosage-response relationships -- 1.3.1 ED 50 or LD 50 -- 1.3.2 Measurement of Cumulative Effects -- 1.3.3 Time Relationships -- 1.3.4 Problem of Measuring Effect of Dispersed Toxicants -- 1.3.5 Measurement of Graded Responses -- 1.3.6 Dosage at the Tissue Level -- 1.3.7 Statistical Considerations -- 1.4 Dosage-response relationships in different kinds of toxicity or change -- 1.4.1 Toxicity (Sensu Stricto) -- 1.4.2 Neurotoxicity -- 1.4.3 Teratogenesis -- 1.4.4 Carcinogenesis -- 1.4.5 Mutagenesis -- 1.4.6 Hypersensitivity and Allergy -- 1.4.7 Induction of Enzymes -- 1.4.8 Metabolism and Storage -- 1.5 Factors influencing toxicity of any kind -- 1.5.1 Dosage -- 1.5.2 Compound -- 1.5.3 Interaction of Compounds -- 1.5.4 Schedule of Dosage -- 1.5.5 Duration of Dosage -- 1.5.6 Route of Exposure -- 1.5.7 Species and Strain Differences -- 1.5.8 Discussion of Factors Influencing Toxicity -- Chapter 2. Pest Toxicology: The Primary Mechanisms of Pesticide Action -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Primary targets -- 2.3 Secondary targets -- 2.4 Common target for structurally diverse pesticides -- 2.5 Resistance as a limiting factor -- 2.6 Nerve -- 2.7 Photosynthesis and pigment synthesis -- 2.8 Biosynthesis -- 2.8.1 Herbicides -- 2.8.2 Fungicides and Insecticides -- 2.9 Respiration.

2.10 Growth regulators -- 2.11 Unknown, nonspecific and other targets -- 2.12 Overview -- 2.13 Conclusion -- 2.14 Postscript -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 3. Pest Control Agents from Natural Products -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Insect control agents -- 3.2.1 Botanical Insecticides -- 3.2.2 Microbial Insecticides -- 3.2.3 Semiochemicals -- 3.3 Disease control agents -- 3.3.1 Fungicides -- 3.3.2 Bactericides -- 3.4 Herbicides -- 3.4.1 Bilanafos (Bialaphos) -- 3.4.2 Glufosinate -- 3.5 Rodenticides -- 3.5.1 Strychnine -- 3.5.2 Red Squill and Scilliroside -- 3.5.3 Ricin -- 3.5.4 Salmonella Bacteria -- Chapter 4. Public Health Pesticides -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Definition of terms in vector-borne diseases -- 4.3 Impact of arthropods on human health -- 4.4 Integrated pest management and vector management -- 4.4.1 Noninsecticidal Methods in Vector Management -- 4.4.2 Chemicals in Vector Management -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5. The Changing Role of Insecticides in Structural Pest Control -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pest problems: real or perceived -- 5.3 Environmental and health concerns -- 5.4 Insecticide applications -- 5.4.1 Nonresidual Insecticides -- 5.4.2 Residual Insecticides -- 5.5 Soil treatments for subterranean termites -- 5.6 Baits and baiting -- 5.7 Future directions -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Vertebrate Pest Control Chemicals and Their Use in Urban and Rural Environments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Vertebrate pests: what are they? -- 6.3 Management restrictions -- 6.4 Problems created by vertebrates -- 6.5 Nonlethal management without pesticides -- 6.6 Population reduction without pesticides -- 6.7 Pesticides: repellents versus lethal agents -- 6.8 Repellents -- 6.9 Immobilizing agents -- 6.10 Lethal vertebrate pesticides -- 6.10.1 Poison Rodent Baits -- 6.10.2 Fumigants -- 6.10.3 Tracking Powders -- 6.10.4 Contraceptives -- 6.10.5 Glue Boards.

6.10.6 Livestock Protection Collars -- 6.10.7 Toxicant Ejector Device -- 6.10.8 Flock Dispersal Agent -- 6.10.9 Poison Bird Bait -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7. Pesticide Use and Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Veterinary Medicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Formulations -- 7.3 Species sensitivities -- 7.4 Pesticide use in domestic animals -- 7.5 Regulation of pesticides used in veterinary medicine -- 7.6 Violative residues -- 7.7 Frequency of intoxication -- 7.8 Scenarios of concern -- 7.8.1 Acute Intoxication -- 7.8.2 Chronic Intoxication -- 7.8.3 Pesticide Use and Cancer in Animals -- 7.8.4 Pesticide Use and Exposure of People in Contact with Animals -- 7.9 Major pesticide categories -- 7.9.1 Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Organophosphoruses and Carbamates -- 7.9.2 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids -- 7.9.3 Natural Products Used for Flea Control -- 7.9.4 Macrocyclic Lactones -- 7.9.5 Neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid and Nitenpyram -- 7.9.6 Fipronil -- 7.9.7 Amitraz -- 7.9.8 Insect Growth Regulators -- 7.9.9 Synergists and Repellants -- 7.9.10 Rodenticides -- 7.9.11 Metaldehyde -- 7.9.12 Paraquat -- 7.10 Diagnosis of intoxication -- 7.11 Treatment of intoxication -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8. Pesticide Use Practices in Integrated Pest Management -- 8.1 Integrated pest management -- 8.2 What is integrated pest manangement? -- 8.3 The IPM continuum -- 8.4 Pesticides -- 8.5 Field scouting -- 8.5.1 Monitoring -- 8.5.2 Decision Support -- 8.6 Reduced-risk pesticides -- 8.6.1 Behavioral Chemicals -- 8.6.2 Conventional Products and Risk -- 8.7 Cultural and physical suppression -- 8.8 Prevention -- 8.9 Avoidance -- 8.10 Pesticides and biological controls -- 8.11 Advisory services -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9. Properties of Soil Fumigants and Their Fate in the Environment -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemical properties, application, and major environmental issues.

9.2.1 Fumigation Methods -- 9.2.2 Environmental Concerns -- 9.3 Processes and factors affecting the fate of fumigants in soil -- 9.3.1 Volatilization -- 9.3.2 Degradation -- 9.3.3 Adsorption -- 9.4 Fumigant distribution in soil and efficacy assessment -- 9.5 Currently available soil fumigants -- 9.5.1 Methyl Bromide -- 9.5.2 Methyl Iodide (Iodomethane) -- 9.5.3 1,3-Dichloropropene -- 9.5.4 Chloropicrin -- 9.5.5 Methyl Isothiocyanate -- 9.5.6 Dimethyl Disulfide -- 9.5.7 Sodium Tetrathiocarbonate -- 9.6 Strategies to minimize emissions -- 9.6.1 Application Methods -- 9.6.2 Plastic Films -- 9.6.3 Irrigation or Water Treatment -- 9.6.4 Chemical Amendment -- 9.6.5 Organic Amendment -- 9.6.6 Target Area Treatment -- 9.6.7 Mass Balance of Fumigants Applied to Soil -- Conclusion -- Section II: Toxicity and Safety Evaluation -- Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Pesticides -- Chapter 10. Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Pesticides -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Toxicological data -- 10.3 Exposure data -- 10.4 Examples -- 10.4.1 Methyl Parathion -- 10.4.2 Methyl Bromide -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11. Genotoxicity of Pesticides -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Genotoxicity tests -- 11.2.1 Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay -- 11.2.2 In Vitro Mutation Assay in Mammalian Cells -- 11.2.3 In Vivo Cytogenetic Assay -- 11.2.4 Micronucleus Assay -- 11.3 Genotoxicity testing of pesticides -- 11.4 Patterns of response -- 11.4.1 Pesticides Exhibiting Both Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity -- 11.4.2 Pesticides Exhibiting Genotoxicity With Limited or No Evidence of Carcinogenicity -- 11.4.3 Pesticides Exhibiting Carcinogenicity Without Appreciable Genotoxicity -- 11.4.4 Nongenotoxic Agents Without Evidence of Carcinogenicity -- 11.4.5 Pesticides Exhibiting Mixed Results in Genotoxicity or Cancer Tests -- 11.5 Human biomonitoring -- 11.6 Genotoxicity and risk assessment.

Conclusion -- Chapter 12. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Developmental Toxicity -- 12.1.2 Reproductive Toxicity -- 12.1.3 Epidemiology -- 12.2 Exposure -- 12.2.1 Timing of Exposure -- 12.2.2 Prenatal Reproductive Toxicants -- 12.2.3 Prepubertal Reproductive Toxicants -- 12.2.4 Adult Reproductive Toxicants -- 12.3 Mechanisms of action -- 12.3.1 Direct-Acting -- 12.3.2 Indirect-Acting -- 12.4 Regulatory issues -- 12.4.1 History -- 12.4.2 Principles of Testing and Evaluation -- 12.4.3 Choice of Species in Testing -- 12.4.4 Choice of Testing Doses -- 12.4.5 Interpreting Effects -- 12.4.6 Statistical Evaluation -- 12.4.7 Exposure Assessment -- 12.4.8 Impact of FQPA on Developmental and Reproductive Toxic Effects of Pesticides -- 12.5 Toxicology studies -- 12.5.1 Herbicides -- 12.5.2 Insecticides -- 12.5.3 Insect Growth Regulators -- 12.5.4 Fungicides -- 12.5.5 Rodenticides -- 12.5.6 Animal Health Products, Fumigants, and Miscellaneous Pesticides -- Conclusion -- Chapter 13. Microbial Pest Control Agents: Use Patterns, Registration Requirements, and Mammalian Toxicity -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Toxicity testing requirements for MPCAs -- 13.2.1 Tier I -- 13.2.2 Tier II -- 13.2.3 Tier III -- 13.3 Toxicity of individual MPCAs -- 13.3.1 Bacteria -- 13.3.2 Eukaryotic Pesticides (Fungi and Nonfungi (Stramenopila)) -- 13.3.3 Viruses -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 14. The Assessment of the Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Pesticides -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Regulatory requirements, test guidelines, and protocols -- 14.2.1 Species and Study Duration -- 14.2.2 Route of Administration -- 14.2.3 Dose Levels -- 14.2.4 Chemical Purity -- 14.3 Assessment of chronic toxicity (noncancer) endpoints -- 14.3.1 Mortality -- 14.3.2 Clinical Observations.

14.3.3 Body Weight, Body Weight Gain, and Food Consumption.