Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- A Biographical Sketch -- Previous Studies -- Sources and Organization of the Study -- Ridạ̄'s Sources of Knowledge of the West: With Special Reference to Christianity -- 1.1. Western Ideas in Arabic Print -- 1.1.1. Hammurabi and the Babel-und-Bibel-Streit (1903) -- 1.1.2. Arabic Translation of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (1933) -- 1.2. Al-Manār Literary Figures -- 1.2.1. Muslims Living in the West -- 1.2.2. Writers in the Muslim World -- 1.3. Conclusion -- Riḍā and Arab Christians: Attitudes towards Syrian Christians and the Egyptian Coptic Community -- 2.1. Syrian Christian Nationalists: A Common Political Agenda -- 2.1.1. Farah Anṭ̣ūn (al-Jāmi'a) -- 2.1.2. Jurjī Zaidān (al-Hilāl) -- 2.1.3. Ya'qūb Ṣ̣arrūf and Fāris Nimr (al-Muqtaṭ̣af ) -- 2.1.4. Shiblī Shumayyil: A Fervent Darwinist -- 2.1.5. 'Ibrāhīm al-Yāzijī -- 2.1.6. Khalīl Sa'ādeh -- 2.1.7. Al-Machreq: A Jesuit Syrian Review -- 2.2. The Egyptian Coptic Community -- 2.2.1. Riḍā's Attitudes towards the Copts before 1911 -- 2.2.2. The Coptic Congress of 1911 -- 2.2.3. Salāma Mūsā -- 2.3. Conclusion -- Al-Manār versus Evangelism: Rashīd Riḍā's Perceptions of the Social and theological Aspects of Missions -- 3.1. Mission is the Life of Religion -- 3.2. Mission and Colonialism -- 3.3. Confrontation with the British -- 3.4. Missionary Schools -- 3.5. Encounters with Missions in al-Manär -- 3.6. A Muslim Missionary Seminary -- 3.7. Conversion to Islam versus Evangelization -- 3.8. Al-Azhar Criticised -- 3.9. Conclusion -- False Allegations or Proofs? Riḍā's Formative Polemics on Christianity -- 4.1. A Muslim Doubting the Authenticity of the Qur'ān -- 4.2. Researches of the Diligent -- 4.2.1. Three Prophets: Historical Doubts about Judaism and Christianity -- 4.2.2. Islam & Christianity: rree Goals of Religion.

4.2.3. Judaism & Christianity Derived from Paganism? -- 4.2.4. Qur'ānic Proofs for the Genuineness of the Bible -- 4.2.5. Books of the Old and New Testament -- 4.3. The Glad Tidings of Peace -- 4.3.1. Muḥ̣ammad's Superiority above all Prophets? -- 4.3.2. Fear and Hope -- 4.3.3. Faith and Acts of Muslims -- 4.3.4. Absurd Treatment -- 4.3.5. Exceeding the Borders of Politeness -- 4.4. The Standard of Zion -- 4.4.1. Sinlessness of Prophets and Salvation -- 4.5. Conclusion -- In Pursuit of a 'True' Gospel: Riḍā's Arabic Edition of the Gospel of Barnabas -- 5.1. Championing Tolstoy's Gospel -- 5.2. Announcing another 'True' Gospel? -- 5.3. A Freemason -- 5.3.1. Critical Analysis of Sa'pdeh's Preface -- 5.4 Riḍ̣ā Introduction -- 5.4.1. Later use by al-Manār -- 5.5. Short-lived Like an Apricot: A Missionary Response -- 5.6. Conclusion -- The Art of Polemics: Tawfīq Ṣ̣idqī's Contributions to al-Manār and Riḍ̣ā's Use of Them -- 6.1. Al-Matbūlī of Cairo and the Resurrection of Jesus -- 6.2. The Religion of God in His Prophets' Books -- 6.2.1. Jesus as Offering -- 6.2.2. The Crucifixion and Divinity of Jesus in the Old Testament -- 6.3. The Doctrine of Crucifixion and Salvation -- 6.4. Sidqī's View on the Scriptures of the New Testament and Christian Doctrines -- 6.5. Riḍ̣ā's Reflections -- 6.5.1. Riḍ̣ā Discussing Crucifixion in a Missionary School -- 6.5.2. Reward and Salvation in Islam -- 6.5.3. A Pagan Nature of the doctrines of Crucifixion and Salvation? -- 6.5.4. An Illusive Crucifixion? -- 6.6. Conclusion -- Recapitulation of Ideas: Christianity as Reflected in Riḍ̣ā's Fatwās -- 7.1. Early Encounters -- 7.2. Are Christians Unbelievers? -- 7.3. A Kuwaiti Petitioner on Slavery in the Bible -- 7.4. An Ahmadï Petitioner -- 7.5. A Lutheran Danish Missionary in Riḍ̣ā's Fatwās -- 7.6. An Egyptian Debater in Gairdner's Magazine.

7.7. A Muslim Facing Missionaries in Tunisia -- 7.8. Fatherless Birth of Jesus: non-Qur'ānic? -- 7.9. Missionary Doubts on Qur'ānic Narratives -- 7.10. Miḥ̣rāb and Altar -- 7.11. Don't Recite the Qur'ānic Verses on Christians in Public! -- 7.12. A Muslim Copyist of Missionary Books and Crafting the Cross for Christians -- 7.13. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Private Archives -- Works in Arabic -- Works in Western Languages -- Internet Websites -- Appendices -- Index.