Front Cover -- Oil Spill Science and Technology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Contributors -- Part I - Introduction and the Oil Spill Problem -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Word on the Frequency of Spills -- Chapter 2 Spill Occurrences: A World Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Executive Summary -- 2.3 Overview of Spill Occurrences -- References -- Part II - Types of Oils and Their Properties -- Chapter 3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Composition of Oil -- 3.3 Properties of Oil -- References -- Part III - Oil Analysis and Remote Sensing -- Chapter 4 Measurement of Oil Physical Properties -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products -- 4.3 Hydrocarbon Groups -- 4.4 Quality Assurance and Control -- 4.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties -- References -- Appendix 4.1 -- Chapter 5 Introduction to Oil Chemical Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis -- 5.3 Chromatography -- 5.4 Identification and Forensic Analysis -- 5.5 Field Analysis -- References -- Chapter 6 Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Review -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Visible Indications of Oil -- 6.3 Optical Sensors -- 6.4 Laser Fluorosensors -- 6.5 Microwave Sensors -- 6.6 Slick Thickness Determination -- 6.7 Acoustic Systems -- 6.8 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems -- 6.9 Satellite Remote Sensing -- 6.10 Oil under Ice Detection -- 6.11 Underwater Detection and Tracking -- 6.12 Small Remote-controlled Aircraft -- 6.13 Real-time Displays and Printers -- 6.14 Routine Surveillance -- 6.15 Future Trends -- 6.16 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7 Laser Fluorosensors -- 7.1 Principles of Operation -- 7.2 Oil Classification -- 7.3 Existing Operational Units -- 7.4 Aircraft Requirements -- 7.5 Cost Estimates.

7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV - Behaviour of Oil in the Environment and Spill Modeling -- Chapter 8 Introduction to Spill Modeling -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 An Overview of Weathering -- 8.3 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling -- References -- Chapter 9 Evaporation Modeling -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Review of Theoretical Concepts -- 9.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models -- 9.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model -- 9.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models -- 9.6 Comparison of Model Approaches -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Models for Water-in-Oil Emulsion Formation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Early Modeling of Emulsification -- 10.3 First Two Model Developments -- 10.4 New Model Development -- 10.5 Development of an Emulsion Kinetics Estimator -- 10.6 Discussion -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Oil Spill Trajectory Forecasting Uncertainty and Emergency Response -- 11.1 Introduction: The Importance of Forecast Uncertainty -- 11.2 The Basics of Oil Spill Modeling -- 11.3 Trajectory Model Uncertainties -- 11.4 Trajectory Forecast Verification -- 11.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part V - Physical Spill Countermeasures on Water -- Chapter 12 Physical Spill Countermeasures -- 12.1 Containment on Water -- 12.2 Skimmers -- 12.3 Sorbents -- 12.4 Manual Recovery -- 12.5 Temporary Storage -- 12.6 Pumps -- 12.7 Separation -- 12.8 Disposal -- References -- Chapter 13 Weather Effects on Oil Spill Countermeasures -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Review of Literature on Spill Countermeasures and Weather -- 13.3 Development of Models for Effectiveness of Countermeasures -- 13.4 Overview of Weather Limitations -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part VI - Treating Agents -- Chapter 14 Spill-Treating Agents -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Dispersants.

14.3 Surface-Washing Agents -- 14.4 Emulsion Breakers and Inhibitors -- 14.5 Recovery Enhancers -- 14.6 Solidifiers -- 14.7 Sinking Agents -- 14.8 Biodegradation Agents -- Chapter 15 Oil Spill Dispersants: A Technical Summary -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Basic Physics and Chemistry of Dispersants -- 15.3 The Basic Nature of Dispersions or Oil-in-Water Emulsions -- 15.4 Effectiveness -- 15.5 Monitoring -- 15.6 Physical Studies -- 15.7 Toxicity -- 15.8 Biodegradation -- 15.9 Other Information -- 15.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16 A Practical Guide to Chemical Dispersion for Oil Spills -- 16.1 Introduction and Decision Making -- 16.2 How Dispersants Are Used -- 16.3 Safety and Postdispersion Actions -- Additional Information -- Appendix A Specific Spill Scenarios and Dispersion Strategies -- Appendix B Nomograms to Calculate Spreading and Viscosity with Time -- Chapter 17 Procedures for the Testing and Approval of Oil Spill Treatment Products in the United KingdomdWhat They Are and Considerations for Development -- 17.1 Background and Introduction -- 17.2 Toxicity Testing Procedures -- 17.3 Test Description -- 17.4 Testing with Heavy Fuel Oils -- 17.5 The 2007 UK Scheme Review -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Formulation Changes in Oil Spill Dispersants: Are They Toxicologically Significant? -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Materials and Methods -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 19 Environment Canada's Methods for Assessing Oil Spill Treating Agents -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Toxicity and Effectiveness of Treating Agents for Oil Spills -- 19.3 Approval for Use of Treating Agents in Canadian Waters -- 19.4 Challenges to Current Toxicity Test Protocols -- 19.5 Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 20 The United States Environmental Protection Agency: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Subpart J Product Schedule (40 Code of Federal Regulations 300.900) -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Why Is There a Product Schedule? -- 20.3 Authorities for a Product Schedule -- 20.4 Information Requested from Manufacturers -- 20.5 Agency Activities -- 20.6 Practical Utility of the Data -- 20.7 Authorities for Use -- 20.8 Federal Agencies' Role within the Regional Response Team -- 20.9 Does Listing Mean the Environmental Protection Agency Approves and Endorses a Product? -- 20.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21 Surface-Washing Agents or Beach Cleaners -- 21.1 Introduction to Surface-Washing Agents -- 21.2 Review of Major Surface-Washing Agent Issues -- 21.3 Other Issues -- References -- Appendix 21.1 Environment Canada's Test Method 33,39 -- EPA Draft Protocol35,36,51 -- Chapter 22 Review of Solidifiers -- 22.1 Introduction to Solidifiers -- 22.2 Review of Major Solidifier Issues -- 22.3 Other Issues -- 22.4 Summary -- References -- Appendix 22.1 Testing Procedures from Environment Canada -- Brief Description of the Test -- Equipment and Supplies -- Calculation -- Part VII - In-Situ Burning -- Chapter 23 An Overview of In-Situ Burning -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 An Overview of in-situ Burning -- 23.3 Assessment of Feasibility of Burning -- 23.4 Equipment-Selection, Deployment, and Operation -- 23.5. Possible Spill Situations -- 23.6 Post-burn Actions -- 23.7 Health and Safety Precautions during Burning -- References -- Part VIII - Shoreline Countermeasures -- Chapter 24 Shoreline Countermeasures -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Shoreline Treatment Decision Process -- 24.3 Treatment Options -- 24.4 Treatment by Shore Type -- 24.5 Waste Generation -- References -- Chapter 25 Automated Assessment and Data Management.

25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Automated Processing and Data Management: Goals and Definition -- 25.3 Shoreline Observations Data Processing -- 25.4 Assessment Automation Methods and Tools -- 25.5 Shoreline Assessment Data Management Issues -- References -- Part IX - Submerged Oil -- Chapter 26 Submerged Oil -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Submerged Oil Characteristics -- 26.3 Review of Recent Submerged Oil Spills -- 26.4 Submerged Oil Spill Response Methods and Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Part X - Effects of Oil in the Environment -- Chapter 27 Effects of Oil in the Environment -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Some Definitions -- 27.3 Size Matters: Seeps vs. Spills -- 27.4 An "Equation" to Convey Toxic Impact -- 27.5 Route of Exposure: The Anthrax Example -- 27.6 Route of Exposure: Oil -- 27.7 Oil Chemistry, Physical Behavior, and Oil Effects -- 27.8 Freshwater/Saltwater Differences -- 27.9 Tropical Environments -- 27.10 Arctic Environments -- 27.11 Ecological Effects of Oil Spills -- 27.12 The Future of Oil Effects Science -- 27.13 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part XI - Contingency Planning and Command -- Chapter 28 Introduction to Oil Spill Contingency Planning and Response Initiation -- 28.1 An Overview of Response to Oil Spills -- 28.2 Activation of Contingency Plans -- 28.3 Training -- 28.4 Structure of Response Organizations -- 28.5 Oil Spill Cooperatives -- 28.6 Private and Government Response Organizations -- Chapter 29 The Role of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited -- Additional Information -- Chapter 30 Safety Issues at Spills -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 Organization Structure -- 30.3 Health and Safety Risk Analysis/Risk Assessment -- 30.4 Air Monitoring -- 30.5 Site Safety and Health Plan -- 30.6 Different Types of Hazards on Site -- 30.7 Recommended Safety Procedures.

30.8 Emergency Procedures During a Response.