Variation in the Caribbean -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part I. Variation and linguistic systems -- Revisiting variation between sa and o in Sranan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical excursus -- 3. Previous analyses of sa versus o -- 4. Methodology -- 5. The uses of sa and o in contemporary Sranan -- 6. The meanings and uses of sa in Sranan -- 6.1 Cases where sa expresses dynamic modality -- 6.2 Epistemic uses of sa -- 6.3 Deontic uses of sa -- 6.4 Parallels between sa and Dutch zullen -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Inherent variability and coexistent systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Negation in English, English-based creoles, and African American Vernacular English -- 3. Variation in negation on Bequia -- 3.1 Sociohistorical background -- 3.2 Defining the variable context -- 3.3 Factor groups coded -- 4. Results -- 4.1 The use of na -- 4.2 The use of ain't -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Putting individuals back in contact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Individual language change in adulthood -- 3. Methodology -- 4. Analysis -- 4.1 Linguistic factors -- 4.2 Social factors -- 5. Results -- 5.1 GOOSE vowel -- 5.2 TRAP and BATH vowels -- 5.3 LOT and THOUGHT vowels -- 6. Summary of results and discussion -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Relative markers in spoken Standard Jamaican English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Relativization in spoken standard English varieties -- 3. Relativization in Jamaican Creole and in SJE -- 4. Data and analysis -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Inventory of overt relative markers -- 5.2 Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses -- 5.3 Human vs. non-human antecedent -- 5.4 Syntactic function of relative marker -- 5.5 Prepositions in the relative clause -- 5.6 Relative clause constructions -- 6. Summary and discussion -- References.

Part II. Variation and identity -- "Flying at half-mast"? Voices, genres, and orthographies in Barbadian Creole -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bajan and the Barbadian sociolinguistic situation -- 2.1 Writing Bajan -- 2.2 Reading Bajan -- 3. So, how funny is it? Orthographies, voices, and genres -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 6. Appendix I -- The creole continuum and individual agency -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantitative analyses -- 2.1 Syntax and morphology -- 2.2 Lexis -- 3. Qualitative analyses -- 3.1 Inter-individual variation -- 3.2 Intra-individual variation -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Language attitudes and linguistic awareness in Jamaican English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 3. Survey results -- 3.1 Lexicon -- 3.2 Morphosyntax -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 6. Appendix -- Part III. Variation and the community -- The varilingual repertoire of Tobagonian speakers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. The language study -- 3.1 Informants and data collection -- 4. The data sample and data analysis -- 4.1 Findings -- 5. Summary and conclusions -- References -- On the emergence of new language varieties -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Social and linguistic situation in French Guiana -- 3. The (traditional) native view of the EM linguistic space -- 3.1 Ethnic or regional varieties -- 3.2 Social varieties -- 4. The EMC migrates to the coast -- 4.1 Changes in the linguistic repertoire and in-group linguistic practices -- 4.2 Toward koineization -- 4.3 Vehicularization -- 5. The role of social and linguistic processes in language diversification -- 5. Conclusion and implication -- References -- 'Creole' and youth language in a British inner-city community -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Manchester -- 4. Our research site -- 5. Our study and its participants -- 6. Linguistic behaviour -- 7. The legacy of Creole.

7.1 Language practice 1: MC-ing -- 7.2 Language practice 2: Murking (verbal duelling) -- 8. Global, local, and translocal -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Le Page's theoretical and applied legacy in sociolinguistics and creole studies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Le Page's theoretical legacy -- 2.1 Sociohistory -- 2.2 The Acts of Identity model -- 3. Le Page's applied work -- 4. Conclusion: Problems to be faced in building on Le Page's legacy -- References -- Name index -- Subject index -- The series Creole Language Library.