Front Cover -- Risks of Hazardous Wastes -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1 Definition of Hazardous Waste -- 1.1 The Environmental Protection Agency's Regulatory Definition -- 1.2 Regulatory History of Hazardous Waste in the US -- 1.3 Categories and Sources of Hazardous Waste -- References -- Chapter 2 The Biggest Generators of Hazardous Waste in the US -- 2.1 Federal Criteria for Regulation of Waste Generators -- 2.2 National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Reports -- 2.3 The Chemical Industry -- 2.4 Local Effects of Hazardous Waste Production: Case Studies of the Top 3 Hazardous Waste Generators and the Communities that House Them -- 2.5 The United States Military and Other Federal Facilities -- 2.6 Unregulated Household Hazardous Waste -- References -- Chapter 3 The Chemical Industry -- 3.1 The Dow Chemical Company -- 3.2 E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company -- 3.3 Monsanto Company -- 3.4 Chemical Industry Hazardous Wastes -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 The United States Military -- 4.1 Range and Scope of Military Hazardous Waste -- 4.2 Hazardous Waste from Domestic Manufacturing and Bases -- 4.3 Dumping of Munitions in the Ocean -- 4.4 Improper Disposal of Hazardous Waste in US Military Operations Abroad -- References -- Chapter 5 The Petroleum Industry -- 5.1 Overview, Emissions and Waste -- 5.2 Refinery Workers Studies -- 5.3 The Baton Rouge Refinery: Cancer Alley -- 5.4 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) -- 5.5 Oil Fields Across America and Damage Done -- 5.6 Citgo's Spill in Lake Charles and Criminal Charges -- 5.7 BP Oil Spill -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 Coal-Fired Power Plants -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Power Production, Emissions, and Waste -- 6.3 Environmental Health Impacts -- 6.4 Lawsuits and Regulations -- 6.5 Control Technologies and Alternatives -- References.

Chapter 7 Iron, Steel, and Coke -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Steel Production -- 7.3 Human Health Impacts -- 7.4 Standards and Regulations -- 7.5 Alabama By-Products Corp. (ABC) Coke Case Study -- 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Technology -- References -- Chapter 8 The Wood Treatment Industry -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Chemicals Involved in the Wood Preserving Industry -- 8.3 Associated Hazardous Waste Laws and Regulations -- 8.4 Case Study - Koppers Tie Treating Facility, Somerville, TX -- 8.5 Hazardous Waste Mitigation - Best Management Practices and Technologies in the Wood Preservation Industry -- References -- Chapter 9 The Paper and Pulp Industry -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 Chemicals Involved in the Pulp and Paper Industry -- 9.3 Associated Hazardous Waste Laws and Regulations -- 9.4 Case Study - International Paper Facility, Prattville, AL -- 9.5 Hazardous Waste Mitigation - General Guidance on Pollution Prevention (P2) and Cleaner Production in the Pulp and Paper Industry -- References -- Chapter 10 Nuclear Waste and Tritium Releases -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types and Sources of Nuclear Waste -- 10.3 Management and Storage -- 10.4 The Hazards of Nuclear Waste -- References -- Chapter 11 Pesticides -- 11.1 Current Regulatory Framework -- 11.2 Case Studies of Select Pesticides -- 11.3 Worker Exposure to Pesticides -- 11.4 Pesticides in Groundwater, Surface Water, and Drinking Water -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Current Practices in Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Underground Injection -- 12.3 Aqueous Organic Treatment -- 12.4 Incineration -- 12.5 Land Disposal -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 13 The Export of Hazardous Waste -- 13.1 Overview, Main Drivers, and Types of Exported Waste -- 13.2 International Law and the Loophole -- 13.3 E-Waste - The New Export Challenge.

13.4 Recommendations and Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14 Introduction to Human Exposure, Toxicology, and Risk Assessment -- 14.1 Exposure Pathways -- 14.2 Quantifying Exposure -- 14.3 Toxicity Assessment -- 14.4 Estimating Risks -- 14.5 Risk-Based Regulatory Levels -- 14.6 Resources for Toxicity Information -- 14.7 Uncertainties in Risk Assessment -- References -- Chapter 15 Bioaccumulation of Dioxins, PCBs, and PAHs -- 15.1 Overview of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals -- 15.2 Dioxins -- 15.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 15.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 15.5 Case Studies -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 Emerging Contaminants -- 16.1 Overview of Chemicals of Emerging Concern -- 16.2 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- 16.3 Surfactants -- 16.4 Plasticizers -- 16.5 Fire Retardants -- 16.6 Biological Emerging Contaminants -- 16.7 Odor as a Potential Health Issue -- 16.8 Future Research -- References -- Chapter 17 Mercury, BPA, and Pesticides in Food -- 17.1 Mercury -- 17.2 Bisphenol A -- 17.3 Pesticide Residues -- 17.4 Dioxins, PCBs, and PAHs -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 18 Childhood Exposure to Environmental Toxins -- 18.1 What Makes Children Vulnerable -- 18.2 Breastfeeding and Transfer of Organochlorine Compounds -- 18.3 Children in Agricultural Areas -- 18.4 The Effects of Air Pollution on Children's Respiratory Health -- 18.5 Childhood Cancers and the Link to Environmental Toxins -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 19 Health Care Costs and Corporate Accountability -- 19.1 Corporate Accountability to Medicare and Medicaid for Health Care Costs -- 19.2 Case Study - US Government Civil Suit Against Monsanto -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 20 Health and Safety Standards -- 20.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

20.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -- 20.3 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -- 20.4 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry -- 20.5 World Health Organization -- 20.6 Environmental Protection Agency -- 20.7 EPA Sector Notebooks -- References -- Chapter 21 The Failures of Regulatory Agencies and Their Inefficiency in Introducing New Chemicals into Regulation -- 21.1 Outdated OSHA Values are not Safe -- 21.2 Problems with the EPA's IRIS -- 21.3 Superfund Liability and Determination of Probable Responsible Parties -- 21.4 Inadequacies within Hazardous Waste Legislation -- References -- Chapter 22 Strategies for the Future - Waste Reduction and Recycling, Treatment Technologies, and Green Chemistry -- 22.1 Reduction and Recycling -- 22.2 New Treatment Technologies -- 22.3 Green Chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix A: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) -- Appendix B: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) Time-Weighted Averages -- Appendix C: OSHA Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values -- Appendix D: NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) -- Appendix E: NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values -- Appendix F: ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) -- Appendix G: ACGIH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values -- Appendix H: ATSDR Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) December 2006 -- Appendix I: WHO Air Quality Guidelines -- Appendix J: EPA Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) -- Appendix K: Toxicity and Chemical-Specific Information -- Appendix L: Industry Chemical Matrix -- Index.