DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- INTRODUCTION A Case for Descriptive Translation Studies -- PART ONE. The Pivotal Position of Descriptive Studies and DTS -- 1. Holmes' 'map' of the discipline -- 2. The internal organization of DTS -- 3. Between DTS and Translation Theory -- 4. Between Translation Studies and its applied extensions -- PART TWO. A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies -- Chapter 1. Translations as Facts of a 'Target' Culture An Assumption and Its Methodological Implications -- 1. Approaching translation within a target-oriented framework -- 2. Translations as cultural facts -- 3. In need of proper contextualization -- 4. The notion of 'assumed translation' and its contents -- 5. Discovery vs. justification procedures -- Excursus A. Pseudotranslations and Their Significance -- 1. Some uses of pseudotranslating -- 2. Pseudotranslations and Translation Studies -- 3. The enlightening case of Papa Hamlet -- Chapter 2. The Nature and Role of Norms in Translation -- 1. Rules, norms, idiosyncrasies -- 2. Translation as a norm-governed activity -- 3. Translational norms: An overview -- 4. The multiplicity of translational norms -- 5. Studying translational norms -- Chapter 3. Constituting a Method for Descriptive Studies -- 1. Assumed translations and their acceptability -- 2. Types of comparison at the initial stage -- 3. Coming up with the appropriate source text -- 4. (Translation) solutions and (source) problems -- 5. Prospective vs. retrospective stances exemplified by metaphor -- 6. Uncovering the underlying concept of translation -- Chapter 4. The Coupled Pair of Replacing + Replaced Segments -- 1. The need for a unit of comparative analysis -- 2. An exemplary analysis of one pair of texts -- 3. Justifying the use of the coupled pair.

4. Testing the coupling hypothesis in real time -- Chapter 5. An Exemplary 'Study in Descriptive Studies' Conjoint Phrases as Translational Solutions -- 1. The phrases' significance assured -- 2. The use of binomials in translated texts -- 3. Shifts, relationships, first-level generalizations -- 4. Second-level generalizations and further research prospects -- 5. Applying research findings in actual translation -- PART THREE. Translation-in-Context An Assortment of Case Studies -- Chapter 6. Between a 'Golden Poem' and a Shakespearean Sonnet -- 1. Prior to 1916: A meaningful void -- 2. 1916-1923: Modified 'Golden Poems' -- 3. 1929: An alternative point of departure -- 4. Moving away from the Golden Poem -- 5. 1943 onwards: A mixed situation -- 6. A glimpse into the future -- Chapter 7. A Lesson from Indirect Translation -- 1. Mediated translations as an object for study -- 2. The 'German' period in Hebrew literature -- 2.1. The concept of translation -- 2.2. The symptomatic status of indirect translation -- 2.3. The role of German culture as a supplier -- 2.4. Translating English literature via German -- 3. Moving into the revival period -- 3.1. The 'Russification ' of Hebrew literature -- 3.2. The position of German and English -- 3.3. The Russified model and translation from other languages -- 4. The anglicization of Hebrew literature -- Chapter 8. Literary Organization and Translation Strategies A Text is Sifted Through a Mediating Model -- 1. Added rhymes and verbal formulation -- 2. Adding a [fictional] epic situation and tightening the overall structure -- 3. What was so wrong with the original model? -- 4. A mediating model and its origin -- 5. External source vs. internal legitimation -- 6. Enhancing the translation's acceptability -- 7. Was there any alternative? -- 8. Appendix -- Tom Freud. "Das Schlaraffenland".

Tom Freud / Chaim Nahman Bialik. "Gan-Eden ha-taxton" -- Excursus B. 'Translation of Literary Texts' vs. 'Literary Translation' -- 1. The two senses of 'literary translation' -- 2. 'Linguistic', 'textual' and 'literary' modes of translation -- 3. 'Literary translation' and target-orientedness -- 4. Cultural distance and the gap between the two senses of 'literary translation' -- 5. Appendix: 27 English translation of the "Crow" haiku -- Chapter 9. Studying Interim Solutions Possibilities and Implications -- 1. Trying to close in on the 'little black box' -- 2. Tracing the emergence of a translation -- 3. Possible implications for Translation Theory -- Chapter 10. A Translation Comes into Being Hamlet's Monologue in Hebrew -- 1. The materials under study -- 2. Prosodic constraints and the unit of consideration -- 3. Using revisions to uncover constraints -- 4. Conclusions and implications -- Chapter 11. Translation-Specific Lexical Items and Their Lexicographical Treatment -- 1. Translation specificity -- 2. Translation-specific lexical items -- 3. Translation-specific lexemes as candidates for the dictionary -- 4. The 'meaning' of translation-specific items -- 5. Submitting translations to lexical study -- 6. Towards exemplary dictionary entries -- Chapter 12. Experimentation in Translation Studies Achievements, Prospects and Some Pitfalls -- 1. Empirical sciences and empirical methods -- 2. Product-oriented empirical studies -- 2.1. Cloze tests -- 2.2. The use of questionnaires -- 3. Process-oriented empirical studies -- 3.1. Thinking-Aloud Protocols -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Excursus C. A Bilingual Speaker Becomes a Translator A Tentative Development Model -- 1. Nature vs. nurture in the making of translators -- 2. An innateness hypothesis is not enough -- 3. The making of a 'native' translator -- 4. How would a developmental model be validated?.

5. Possible implications for translator training -- PART FOUR. Beyond Descriptive Studies Towards Laws of Translational Behaviour -- 1. Non-lawlike generalizations -- 2. The probabilistic nature of translational laws -- 3. Two exemplary laws -- 3.1. The law of growing standardization -- 3.2. First steps towards a law of interference -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX -- AUTHOR INDEX -- The series Benjamins Translation Library.