MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CATALYTIC REACTORS FOR PETROLEUM REFINING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- 1: PETROLEUM REFINING -- 1.1 PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM -- 1.2 ASSAY OF CRUDE OILS -- 1.3 SEPARATION PROCESSES -- 1.3.1 Crude Oil Pretreatment: Desalting -- 1.3.2 Atmospheric Distillation -- 1.3.3 Vacuum Distillation -- 1.3.4 Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing -- 1.3.5 Deasphalting -- 1.3.6 Other Separation Processes -- 1.4 UPGRADING OF DISTILLATES -- 1.4.1 Catalytic Reforming -- 1.4.2 Isomerization -- 1.4.3 Alkylation -- 1.4.4 Polymerization -- 1.4.5 Catalytic Hydrotreating -- 1.4.6 Fluid Catalytic Cracking -- 1.5 UPGRADING OF HEAVY FEEDS -- 1.5.1 Properties of Heavy Oils -- 1.5.2 Process Options for Upgrading Heavy Feeds -- 2: REACTOR MODELING IN THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY -- 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF REACTORS -- 2.1.1 Fixed-Bed Reactors -- 2.1.2 Slurry-Bed Reactors -- 2.2 DEVIATION FROM AN IDEAL FLOW PATTERN -- 2.2.1 Ideal Flow Reactors -- 2.2.2 Intrareactor Temperature Gradients -- 2.2.3 Intrareactor Mass Gradients -- 2.2.4 Wetting Effects -- 2.2.5 Wall Effects -- 2.3 KINETIC MODELING APPROACHES -- 2.3.1 Traditional Lumping -- 2.3.2 Models Based on Continuous Mixtures -- 2.3.3 Structure-Oriented Lumping and Single-Event Models -- 2.4 REACTOR MODELING -- 2.4.1 Classification and Selection of Reactor Models -- 2.4.2 Description of Reactor Models -- 2.4.3 Generalized Reactor Model -- 2.4.4 Estimation of Model Parameters -- REFERENCES -- NOMENCLATURE -- 3: MODELING OF CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING -- 3.1 THE HYDROTREATING PROCESS -- 3.1.1 Characteristics of HDT Reactors -- 3.1.2 Process Variables -- 3.1.3 Other Process Aspects -- 3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROTREATING -- 3.2.1 Chemistry -- 3.2.2 Thermodynamics -- 3.2.3 Kinetics -- 3.2.4 Catalysts -- 3.3 REACTOR MODELING -- 3.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Particle Shape -- 3.3.2 Steady-State Simulation.

3.3.3 Simulation of a Commercial HDT Reactor with Quenching -- 3.3.4 Dynamic Simulation -- 3.3.5 Simulation of Countercurrent Operation -- REFERENCES -- NOMENCLATURE -- 4: MODELING OF CATALYTIC REFORMING -- 4.1 THE CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS -- 4.1.1 Description -- 4.1.2 Types of Catalytic Reforming Processes -- 4.1.3 Process Variables -- 4.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CATALYTIC REFORMING -- 4.2.1 Chemistry -- 4.2.2 Thermodynamics -- 4.2.3 Kinetics -- 4.2.4 Catalysts -- 4.3 REACTOR MODELING -- 4.3.1 Development of the Kinetic Model -- 4.3.2 Validation of the Kinetic Model with Bench-Scale Reactor Experiments -- 4.3.3 Simulation of Commercial Semiregenerative Reforming Reactors -- 4.3.4 Simulation of the Effect of Benzene Precursors in the Feed -- 4.3.5 Use of the Model to Predict Other Process Parameters -- REFERENCES -- NOMENCLATURE -- 5: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED CATALYTIC CRACKING CONVERTERS -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.1.1 Description of the Process -- 5.1.2 Place of the FCC Unit Inside the Refinery -- 5.1.3 Fractionation of Products and Gas Recovery -- 5.1.4 Common Yields and Product Quality -- 5.2 REACTION MECHANISM OF CATALYTIC CRACKING -- 5.2.1 Transport Phenomena, Thermodynamic Aspects, and Reaction Patterns -- 5.2.2 Lumping of Feedstock and Products -- 5.2.3 More Detailed Mechanisms -- 5.3 SIMULATION TO ESTIMATE KINETIC PARAMETERS -- 5.3.1 Data from Laboratory Reactors -- 5.3.2 Data from Industrial Operation -- 5.4 SIMULATION TO FIND CONTROLLING REACTION STEPS DURING CATALYTIC CRACKING -- 5.5 SIMULATION OF STEADY OPERATION OF THE RISER REACTOR -- 5.6 SIMULATION TO SCALE UP KINETIC FACTORS -- 5.7 SIMULATION OF THE REGENERATOR REACTOR -- 5.7.1 Simulation of the Burning of Nonheterogeneous Coke -- 5.7.2 Simulation of Side Reactions During the Burning of Heterogeneous Coke -- 5.7.3 Simulation of the Energy Balance in the Regenerator.

5.8 MODELING THE CATALYST STRIPPER -- 5.9 SIMULATION OF A CONTROLLED FCC UNIT -- 5.9.1 Mathematical Background -- 5.9.2 Controllability of the Regenerator -- 5.9.3 A Technique to Regulate Tregenerator in Partial Combustion Mode -- 5.10 TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS AND MODIFICATIONS -- 5.10.1 Effect of Feedstock Pretreatment -- 5.10.2 Pilot-Plant Emulation -- 5.10.3 The Sulfur Balance -- 5.11 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- NOMENCLATURE -- INDEX.