Front Cover -- Data Architecture -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- SECTION 1 THE PRINCIPLES -- Chapter 1 Understanding Architectural Principles -- Defining Architecture -- Design Problems -- Patterns and Pattern Usage -- Concepts for Pattern Usage -- Information Architecture -- Structure Works! -- Problems in Architecture -- Architectural Solutions -- The "Form Follows Function" Concept -- Guideline: Composition and Environment -- Guideline: Evolution -- Guideline: Current and Future -- Data Policies (Governance), the Foundation Building Codes -- Data Policy Principles -- Chapter 2 Enterprise Architecture Frameworks and Methodologies -- Architecture Frameworks -- Brief History of Enterprise Architecture -- The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture -- The Open Group Architecture Framework -- The Federal Enterprise Architecture -- Conclusions -- Enterprise Data Architectures -- Enterprise Models -- The Enterprise Data Model -- The Importance of the Enterprise Data Model -- Object Concepts: Types and Structures Within Databases -- Inheritance -- Object Life Cycles -- Relationships and Collections -- Object Frameworks -- Object Framework Programming -- Pattern-Based Frameworks -- Architecture Patterns in Use -- U.S. Treasury Architecture Development Guidance -- TADG Pattern Content -- TADG Architecture Patterns -- IBM Patterns for e-Business -- Enterprise Data Model Implementation Methods -- Chapter 3 Enterprise-Level Data Architecture Practices -- Enterprise-Level Architectures -- System Architectures -- Enterprise Data Architectures -- Enterprise Technology Architectures -- Enterprise Architecture Terminology-Business Terms -- The Enterprise Model -- The Enterprise Data Architecture from a Development Perspective -- Subject Area Drivers -- Naming and Object Standards -- Data Sharing -- Data Dictionary-Metadata Repository.

Domain Constraints in Corporate and Non-Corporate Data -- Organizational Control Components -- Data Administration -- Database Administration -- Setting Up a Database Administration Group -- Repository Management Areas and Model Management -- Chapter 4 Understanding Development Methodologies -- Design Methods -- Why Do We Need Development Methodologies? -- The Beginnings -- Structured Methods -- Structured Programming -- Structured Design -- Structured Analysis -- Still Having Problems -- Requirements Definitions -- Problems with Structured Approaches -- Personal Computers and the Age of Tools -- Engineering Concepts Applied -- Other Principles Utilized -- The Birth of Information Engineering -- Information Engineering as a Design Methodology -- The Synergy of Tools and Information Engineering -- Problems with Information Engineering -- Implementing the Best of IE while Minimizing Expense -- SECTION 2 THE PROBLEM -- Chapter 5 Business Evolution -- The Problem of Business Evolution -- Expansion and Function Separation -- Separate Function Communication -- Manual Data Redundancy -- Data Planning and Process Planning -- Corporate Architecture -- Using Nolan's Stages of Growth -- Problems with Older Organizations -- Business Today -- When Will It End? -- What Can We Do about It? -- Generic Subject Areas for Corporate Architectures -- Corporate Information Groupings or Functional Areas -- Corporate Knowledge -- Chapter 6 Business Organizations -- Purpose and Mission of the Organization -- Ideology, Mission, and Purpose -- Design with the Future of the Organization in Mind -- Generalize for Future Potential Directions -- Organizational Structure -- What Are the Basic Functions in an Organization? -- The Information Needs of Management -- Organizations Don't Know What They Don't Know -- Information Strategy for Modern Business.

Maximizing the Value of Information -- Forces in the Organization -- Chapter 7 Productivity inside the Data Organization -- Information Technology -- What Is Information Technology? -- Trends in Information Technology -- Vendor Software Development -- The Other Option -- Trends in Organizational Change -- Productivity -- Explanations for the Anomaly in Productivity -- Information Technology and Its Impact on Organizations -- Why Invest in Information Technology? -- Ineffective Use of Information Technology -- Other Impediments to Organizational Efficiency -- Organizational Impediments to Information Technology -- Technological Solutions for Information Technology -- Human Resource Issues in Information Technology -- Quality of the Workforce -- Summary -- Maximizing the Use of Information Technology -- Chapter 8 Solutions That Cause Problems -- Downsizing and Organizational Culture -- Downsizing Defined -- Culture Change -- Organizational-Level Analysis -- Organizational/Individual-Level Analysis -- Downsizing's Impact on Culture -- A Different Approach to Culture Change and Downsizing -- Summary -- Outsourcing -- Rapid Application Development -- SECTION 3 THE PROCESS -- Chapter 9 Data Organization Practices -- Fundamentals of All Data Organization Practices -- Corporate Data Architecture -- Corporate Data Policy -- Architecture Team -- Design Team -- Develop the Project Structure -- Scope Definition -- Project Plan -- Data Architecture and Strategic Requirements Planning -- Data Gathering and Classification -- Business Area Data Modeling -- Current Data Inventory Analysis -- Data and Function Integration -- Event Identification -- Procedure Definition via Functional Decomposition -- Process Use Identification -- New Function Creation -- Utilization Analysis via Process Use Mapping -- Access Path Mapping.

Entity Cluster Development and Logical Residence Planning -- Application Development Templates -- Quality Assurance Metrics -- Maintenance Control Process -- The Software Development Methods -- Architectural Development Methods -- Atomic Process Models -- Entity Process Models -- The Unified Method -- Chapter 10 Models and Model Repositories -- What Are Models and How Did They Come About? -- Data Models Introduction -- What Does Modeling Do for Us? -- Process Models Introduction -- Process Models-Why? -- How Are Automated Models Developed? -- How Are Models Retained? -- Model Repository Policy and Approach -- Shared Repository Objects -- Model-Driven Releases -- Supporting an Application Release -- Version Type: Participation -- Seamless Development Control Process -- Test Environments, Releases, and Databases -- Release Stacking -- Emergency Corrections -- Emergency Correction Procedures -- PTF Implementation for Shared Batch and Online Objects -- Chapter 11 Model Constructs and Model Types -- Data Model Constructs -- Application Audience and Services -- Entities -- Attributes -- Relationships -- Primary Identifiers -- Entity Types -- Entity Relationship Diagrams -- Types of Relationships -- Model Types -- Physical-Level Design -- Primary Keys -- Normalization -- Denormalization -- Overnormalization -- Domains -- Domain Constraints -- Reference Data -- Generic Domain Constraint Constructs -- Chapter 12 Time as a Dimension of the Database -- What Is to Be Done with Historical Data? -- Application History -- Classes and Characteristics -- Current Occurrence -- Simple History -- Bounded Simple History -- Complex History -- Logically Modeling History -- Physical Design of History -- Physical Implementation of History -- Performance Tuning -- Finding Patterns -- Tips and Techniques for Implementing History -- Types of Systems -- Physical Structure.

Dimensional History -- SECTION 4 THE PRODUCT -- Chapter 13 Concepts of Clustering, Indexing, and Structures -- Cluster Analysis -- What Is a Cluster? -- Cluster Properties -- Cluster Theory Applied -- Inserts -- Updates -- Deletes -- Physical Structure -- Key History and Development -- Primary Keys -- Foreign Keys -- Foreign Key Propagation -- Candidate Keys -- Natural Keys -- Engineered Keys -- Surrogate Keys -- High Water Keys -- One of a Kind Keys -- Other Specialized Keys -- Chapter 14 Basic Requirements for Physical Design -- Requirements for Physical Design -- How Much Data? -- History -- Population Quantification of Application Data -- Concurrency -- Security/Audit -- Audit -- Archive/Purge -- Recovery/Restart -- Sort/Search Requirements -- Reorganization and Restructuring -- Data Integrity -- Referential Integrity -- Data Access -- Privacy Requirements -- Chapter 15 Physical Database Considerations -- Three-Level Architecture -- Data Independence -- Database Languages -- Classification of Database Management Systems -- Factors Impacting Physical Database Design -- Analysis of Queries, Reporting, and Transactions -- Queries, Reports, and Transactions -- Interpreting the Functional Decomposition -- Event Identification -- Process Use Identification Reviewed -- Utilization Analysis via Process Use Mapping -- Time Constraints of Queries and Transactions -- Analysis of Expected Frequency of Insert, Delete, Update -- Other Physical Database Design Considerations -- Population on the Database -- Chapter 16 Interpreting Models -- Physical Design Philosophy -- Objectives -- The Entity Relationship Model -- Interaction Analysis -- The CRUD Matrix -- Entity Life Cycle Analysis/Entity State Transition Diagrams -- Process Dependency Scope and Process Dependency Diagram -- Event Analysis -- Process Logic Diagrams -- Interaction Analysis Summary.

Changes to ER Models.