L2 Acquisition and Creole Genesis -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION Claire Lefebvre Université du Québec à Montréal -- 1. Why This Volume? -- 2. Language Contact -- 3. Processes -- 4. Directions for Future Research -- References -- LINKS BETWEEN SLA AND CREOLE STUDIES: PAST AND PRESENT -- 1. Simplification -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Recent developments -- 2. Transfer -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Recent developments -- 3. Summary and discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- PART I. CONTACT -- VERY RAPID CREOLIZATION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE RESTRICTED MOTIVATION HYPOTHESIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Assumptions -- 2.1 Speed of creolization -- 2.2 Proportion of creolizers required -- 2.3 The question of access to the superstrate language -- 2.4 Why would slaves want to learn the superstrate language? The question ofmotivation -- 2.5 Plantations as social microcosms -- 2.6 Access again -- 3. A medium for interethnic communication? Yes, but not completely interethnic -- 3.1 MEC formation -- 3.2 A final supporting argument from Surinam -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- SEMANTIC TRANSFERENCE: TWO PRELIMINARY CASE STUDIES FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background-semantic transference -- 3. This study -- 4. The task -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Previous results from the task -- 5.2 Lavukaleve -- 5.3 SIP as spoken by Lavukals -- 5.4 Touo -- 5.5 SIP as spoken by Touo speakers -- 5.6 More on Touo: Context-dependent systems -- 6. Conclusions: Is semantic transference the norm? -- References -- VARIABILITY IN CONTACT SPANISH: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Variability in adult second language acquisition -- 3. Objects in Spanish -- 4. Contact Spanish -- 5. Description of the experiment -- 6. Results -- 6.1 Indirect objects -- 6.2 Direct objects.

7. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- L2 ACQUISITION AS A PROCESS OF CREOLIZATION: INSIGHTS FROM CHILD AND ADULT CODE-MIXING -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functional-lexical mixings and the theory of grammar -- 3. D + N mixings in child and adult bilingual spontaneous data -- 4. D+N mixings in adult experimental data -- 4.1 Subjects -- 4.2 Code-switching test -- 4.3 The test items were distributed as follows: -- 4.4 Research questions -- 4.5 Results -- 5. The creole DP and gender features -- 6. Bilinguals, native speakers, non-native speakers and the pidgin-creole continuum -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- EMERGING COMPLEMENTIZERS: GERMAN IN CONTACT WITH FRENCH/ITALIAN -- 1. Introduction: Cross-linguistic influence and language separation -- 2. The research project -- 3. Cross-linguistic influence -- 3.1 The emergence of complementizers: German für and finite verb placementin subordinate clauses -- 3.2 Why fur? The emergence of prepositional complementizers -- 3.3 The syntax of French and Italian prepositional complementizers, extended toGerman -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- PART II. PROCESSES: INITIAL STATE (TRANSFER AND RELEXIFICATION) -- FULL TRANSFER AND RELEXIFICATION: SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND CREOLE GENESIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Summary of the Two Models -- 2.1 Full Transfer/Full Access (Schwartz & Sprouse 1994,1996) -- 3. The Un(der)noticed Equivalence -- 4. The Difference between Inter language and Creoles -- 5. Thinking about L2 Acquisition in Terms of Relexification -- 5.1 Classic "Interference" in L2 Acquisition -- 5.2 The Age-Dependent Decline in Ultimate Attainment in L2 -- 5.3 Bound vs. Free Inflection Asymmetries in L2 Acquisition -- 5.4 Locative Alternation: Challenges for Unlearning -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- TRANSFERAS BOOTSTRAPPING -- 1. Introduction.

2. Background: [+transfer, +UG] (L2 initial state) proposals -- 2.1 Minimal Trees (Vainikka and Young-Scholten) -- 2.2 Structural Minimality (Bhatt and Hancin-Bhatt) -- 2.3 Valueless Features (Eubank) -- 2.4 Full Transfer/Full Access (Schwartz and Sprouse) -- 3. Reconsidering the no-transfer-of-CP evidence encountered so far -- 3.1 An early interpretive asymmetry implicating (the transfer of) CP: Garcia(1998) -- 3.2 Summary -- 4. More (seemingly) problematic data for FT: Hâkansson, Pienemann and Sayehli (2002) -- 5. Indisputable evidence for the transfer of CP -- 5.1 Bohnacker (2005, to appear) -- 5.2 Grüter (2004) -- 5.3 Hulk (1991) -- 6. Conclusion: Transfer as bootstrapping -- References -- L1 TRANSFER AND THE CUT-OFF POINT FOR L2 ACQUISITION PROCESSES IN CREOLE FORMATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cross-creole variation and uniformity -- 3. Differences in creole genesis processes -- 4. The sociohistorical context as a source of cross-creole variation -- 5. How creole formation differs from L2 acquisition -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- THE ROLE OF THE SYNTAX-SEMANTICS INTERFACE IN LANGUAGE TRANSFER -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparing the creoles to their source languages -- 2.1 Haitian Creole versus Gungbe and French -- 2.2 Sranan (and Saramaccan) versus Gungbe and English -- 2.3 Summary -- 3.1 Feature selection and the syntax-discourse interface -- 3.2 C and D as vulnerable interfaces -- 3.3 Transfers at the interfaces: Haitian and Sranan -- 4. Concluding remarks -- References -- A COMPARISON OF ARTICLE SEMANTICS IN L2 ACQUISITION AND CREOLE LANGUAGES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semantic universals -- 2.1 Definiteness in English -- 2.2 Specificity in English -- 2.3 Definiteness and specificity cross-linguistically -- 3. Semantic universals in L2 acquisition -- 3.1 Predictions about article use and misuse in L2 English -- 3.2 Methodology.

3.3 Results -- 3.4 Summary -- 4. Semantic universals in creole -- 4.1 The data -- 4.2 Substrate influence -- 5. Conclusion and open questions -- References -- PART III. PROCESSES: DEVELOPING GRAMMARS (RESTRUCTURING AND REANALYSIS) -- BILINGUAL GRAMMARS AND CREOLES: SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL CONVERGENCEAND MORPHOLOGICAL ELABORATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functional convergence, morphological elaboration and the dissociation between features and morphemes -- 3. Functional convergence and morphological elaboration in TMA systems -- 4. Convergence in bilingual grammars -- 4.1 Evidentiality -- 4.2 Progressivity -- 5. Re-examining morphological elaboration from the perspective of dissociation and reassociation of functional features -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- FROM GBE TO HAITIAN: THE MULTI-STAGE EVOLUTION OF SYLLABLE STRUCTURE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The syllabic structure of Haitian -- 2.1 Consonant sequences in initial and medial positions -- 2.2 Single consonants in word-final position -- 3. The syllabic structure of French -- 4. The syllabic structure of Gbe languages -- 4.1 Five possible representations for CLV sequences -- 4.2 A distributional gap -- 4.3 Deletion: a parametric option of the OCP -- 5. The challenge raised by the syllabification of Haitian O-L sequences -- 5.1 Second language acquisition and the emergence of creole languages -- 5.2 A multi-stage scenario for the acquisition of Haitian consonant sequences -- 6.Conclusion -- References -- PARALLELS IN PROCESS: COMPARING HAITIAN CREOLE AND FRENCH LEARNER PHONOLOGIES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparison of the consonant inventory and syllable structure of Fongbe, French and HC -- 3. Parallels in process: L1 acquisition -- 3.1 Misparsing of target strings: liaison contexts -- 3.2 Syllable truncation -- 4. Parallels in processes: L2 acquisition.

4.1 Segmental equivalence classification -- 4.2 Transfer of L1 allophonic rules -- 4.3 Asymmetries in the acquisition of initial clusters -- 5. Summary and conclusion -- References -- APPENDIX 1 FONGBECONSONANTS BASED ON CAPO (1991)AND SEGUROLA AND RASSINOUX (2000) -- APPENDIX 2 HCCONSONANTS FOLLOWING BENTOLILA (1976), VALDMAN(1981) AND EBENEZER MISSION (NO DATE) -- PART IV. PROCESSES: FINAL STATE (FOSSILIZATION) -- EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS IN BILINGUAL ANDBIDIALECTAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: GRAMMATICAL GENDER OF THE DUTCH DEFINITE DETERMINER -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gender distinction in standard Dutch determiners -- 3. The acquisition of grammatical gender, as reflected in the definite determiner, by bilingual subjects -- 3.1 Children from ethnic minority communities: the results o f a sentencecompletion test -- 3.2 Children from bidialectal communities: the results of a sentence completion test -- 3.3 Summary -- 4. Similarities between new and old bilingual communities -- 4.1 Language choice in ethnic minority communities -- 4.2 Language choice in bidialectal communities -- 5. Differences between the two types of bilingual communities -- 5.1 Language contact situation -- 5.2 Adult L2 Dutch in the ethnic minority community -- 5.3 Multigenerational scenario -- 6. Concluding remarks -- References -- INCOMPLETE ACQUISITION IN BILINGUALISMAS AN INSTANCE OF LANGUAGE CHANGE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spanish Subjects -- 3. The Expression of Subjects in Bilingual Grammars -- 4. Language Change in Progress -- 5. L2 A cquisition -- 6. Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- COMPARING CREOLE GENESIS WITH SLA IN UNLIMITED-ACCESS CONTEXTS: GOING BEYOND RELEXIFICATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Creole genesis and the relexification hypothesis -- 3. SLA in an unlimited-access environment -- the case of Patty -- 3.1 Null and expletive subjects.

3.2 Pronominal case marking.