Redressing Miscarriages of Justice -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. The Need for Effective Retrial Procedures in (International) Criminal Cases -- A. Wrongful Convictions and their Interrelationship with the Nature of the Criminal Justice System -- B. Effective Retrial or Review Procedures: Protection of the Integrity of Criminal Trials -- 2. Protection Against Miscarriages of Justice Within (International) Criminal Law: An Erga Omnes Obligation -- A. Introduction: The Applicability of the Doctrine of State Responsibilities Erga Omnes -- B. The Genesis of the Erga Omnes Doctrine: The U.S. Innocence Protection Act -- C. State Responsibilities vis-à-vis the Protection against Miscarriage of Justice: The ILC Articles on State Responsibility -- 3. Causes and Predisposing Factors of Miscarriages of Justice: A Legal Overview -- A. Clear and Present Dangers -- 4. Miscarriages of Justice Originating from Disclosure Deficiencies in Criminal Cases -- A. Disclosure Failures as Ground for Retrials: Common Law Standards and Examples -- 1. Disclosure Requirements Set Forth by the U.S. Supreme Court. -- 2. Basic Disclosure Conditions Under U.K. Law -- 3. The Legal Scope of Disclosure Obligations -- B. Legal Consequences of Errors in Disclosure Obligations in Criminal Cases: R. v. Ward. -- C. Judicial Relationship between Disclosure of Evidence and Miscarriages of Justice -- D. Judicial and Legal-Ethical Implications of (Non-)Disclosure of Forensic Evidence for Miscarriages of Justice -- E. Practical Implications of (Non-)Disclosure of Forensic Evidence for Miscarriages of Justice: The Principle of Equality of Arms -- F. Disclosure Obligation Standards -- 1. General Guidelines.

2. Attribution of Non-Disclosure by Police and Scientists to the Crown -- 3. "Reasonable Probability Test" as Ground for Retrial -- G. Disclosure Obligations Under ECHR Case Law Relevant to Protection Against Miscarriages of Justice -- 1. Competing Interests: Protection of Society versus Protection of Individuals -- 2. ECHR Disclosure Criteria and Their Transposition onto Retrial Proceedings in Criminal Cases -- F. Disclosure Obligations Under Case Law of International Criminal Tribunals -- 5. Miscarriages of Justice Originating from False or Unreliable Confessions and Plea Agreements -- A. Introduction -- B. The Role of False Confessions in (International) Criminal Cases -- 1. Procedural Issues Pertaining to False Confessions -- 2. Predisposing Factors Pertaining to False Confessions -- C. Retrial Grounds Relative to False Confessions in Criminal Cases -- 1. False Confessions: Basis for Retrial? -- 2. The Importance of Disclosure of Forensic Evidence for the Determination of False Confessions: R. v. Ward. -- 3. The Admissibility of Evidence of Psychiatrists and Psychologists as to an Accused's Reliability -- D. Involuntary Statements Within International Criminal Proceedings: Retrial Consequences -- 1. Judicial Supervision of (In)Voluntariness of Accused's Statements -- 2. Procedural Safeguards to Prevent Involuntary Statements -- E. Unsafe Guilty Pleas in Criminal Cases: Retrial Ground on the Basis of Investigative Misconduct -- F. Alford Pleas Instead of Risking a New Trial -- G. Conclusion -- 6. Miscarriages of Justice Originating from Unsafe Identification Evidence in Criminal Cases -- A. The Fallibility of 'Human Perception and Recollection': Identification Standards of International Tribunals -- B. Retrial Standards within Common Law.

C. Retrial Standards Based on Identification Evidence in (International) Criminal Cases -- D. Prevention of Unsafe Convictions Due to Identification Evidence in (International) Criminal Cases -- E. Prevention of Unsafe Convictions Due to Identification Evidence in the U.S -- F. Conclusions -- 7. Retrial Standards and Procedures before National for a and Contemporary International Criminal Tribunals -- A. Introduction -- B. Judicial Review Based on 'New' Evidence -- 1. The Approach of the U.S. Supreme Court -- 2. The Approach of U.K. Courts and the British Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) -- 3. The Approach of the Dutch Supreme Court -- 4. Retrial Standards before the International Criminal Tribunals -- D. Judicial Review Based on 'New' Defenses or Arguments -- 8. Forensic Sciences: Trial and Retrial Standards to Protect Against and Remedy Miscarriages of Justice -- A. Introduction: The Evolution of Forensic Genetics in Criminal Cases -- B. The Advent of Forensic Genetics in the Context of Reopening (International) Criminal Cases -- 1. Increasing DNA Exonerations -- 2. Technical Evolution of Forensic Genetics -- 3. Practical Problems and Complications of Assessing the Evidentiary Weight of DNA Evidence -- C. Forensic Evidence Standards to Prevent Miscarriages of Justice in Criminal Trials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Forensic Science Errors in the Diagnosis of Guilt or Innocence in Criminal Cases -- D. Scientific Error: A Potential Retrial Argument -- E. Forensic Standards and Principles to be Applied by National and International Criminal Courts: The Approach of the U.S. Supreme Court -- F. New and Changing Expert Evidence: Basis for Retrials in (International) Criminal Cases? -- G. The Right to Hear and Challenge Defense Expert Witnesses under the ECHR.

H. Toward a Legal Standard to Review Forensic or Expert Witness Evidence in Criminal Cases -- 9. Expert Evidence Requirements and Standards within (International) Criminal Cases -- A. Introduction -- B. General Principles Pertaining to Adducing Expert Witness Evidence -- 1. Purpose of and Requirements as to Expert Witness Qualifications -- 2. The 'Ultimate Issue' Rule Within the Practice of International Criminal Tribunals -- 3. The Applicability Scope of the Ultimate Issue Rule Under International Criminal Law: Individual Criminal Responsibility -- C. Conclusion: The Ultimate Issue as an Instrument in the Protection against Miscarriages of Justice -- 10. Procedural Mechanisms Sui Generis Against Miscarriages of Justice -- A. Balancing the Prevention of Wrongful Conviction: Judicial Economy and Equality of Arms within International and Internationalized Criminal Trials -- 1. Introduction: Converging Objectives before International Criminal Tribunals -- 2. Ensuring Equality of Arms on The International Plane: Defense Scope and Limitations -- 3. Concurrence of Equality of Arms and Judicial Economy in the Law Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals -- 4. Equality of Arms vis-à-vis Investigation and Documentary Evidence -- 5. Pitfalls and Dangers of Judicial Economy within International Trials -- 6. Equality of Arms before International and Internationalized Courts: A Structural Inequality? -- 7. Conclusions: Safeguard against Politically Motivated Application of Judicial Economy and Wrongful Convictions -- B. The Abuse of Process Doctrine in International Law: A Prospective Remedy to Protect Against Miscarriages of Justice -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Abuse of Process in the Practice of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals.

3. The Abuse of Process Doctrine in Relation to Miscarriages of Justice in (International) Criminal Law Practice -- 4. Conclusions -- C. Cross-Examination Instead of Written Evidence in International Criminal Cases as Protection Against Miscarriages of Justice: The ICTY Example -- D. The Admissibility of Hearsay Evidence -- E. Contemporary International Law Developments on Redressing Miscarriages of Justice -- 11. Defence Strategies to Prevent and Remedy Miscarriages of Justice -- A. Introduction -- B. Recent Developments in Science and Defense Strategies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Examining the Totality of Evidence -- 3. Conclusions -- C. Retrial: Challenging Forensic Reports in the Deventer Murder Case -- D. Conclusion -- 12. Recommendations and Future Guidelines as to the Protection against Miscarriages of Justice -- A. Toward a Uniform System of Judicial Supervision of Miscarriages of Justice -- 1. Disclosure as Principal Procedural Remedy -- 2. Future Protection against Miscarriages of Justice: Enhancing Judicial Supervision on Prosecutorial Conduct -- 3. Proper and Timely Engagement of Expert Witnesses -- 4. Minimizing the Inherent Risks in Forensic Evidence: Proactive Tasks for Defense Lawyers -- 5. Statutory Obligation to Preserve Forensic Data -- 6. Statutory Obligation as to Recording Police Interviews -- 7. Improvement in Police Training and Awareness -- 8. Refining the Laws on Review of (International) Criminal Cases: A Uniform Provision -- B. Concluding Recommendation: The Protection against Miscarriages of Justice as an Erga Omnes Obligation -- Table of Authorities -- Table of Cases -- Index.