Manual of Traumatic Brain Injury Management -- Manual of Traumatic Brain Injury Management -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part 1 Core Concepts -- 1 Traumatic Brain Injury -- Definitions and Nomenclature -- PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY INJURY -- CLASSIFICATION OF TBI BY MECHANISM -- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TBI -- STRUCTURALLY BASED DESCRIPTIONS OF TBI -- CONCUSSION -- POSTTRAUMATIC AMNESIA -- POSTCONCUSSION DISORDER -- SECOND IMPACT SYNDROME -- RECOVERY AND SEQUELAE -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 2 Essential Concepts in Traumatic Brain Injury Neuropathology -- Primary Injury, Secondary Injury, and Neuroplasticity -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- BIOMECHANICS AND PRIMARY INJURY -- SECONDARY INJURY -- Hyperactivity During Secondary Injury -- Hypoactivity During Secondary Injury -- Hyper- and Hypoactivity Often Lead to Cellular Dysfunction and Eventual Cell Death -- Cerebral Edema and the Monro-Kellie Hypothesis: Osmolality Rules! -- Mitigating Secondary Injury -- NEUROPLASTICITY: REPAIR AND REGENERATION -- THE FUTURE: SYSTEMIC STABILIZATION, NEUROPROTECTION, NEURORESTORATION/REPAIR -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 3 Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury Severity -- ISSUES IN CHARACTERIZATION OF TBI -- CHARACTERIZATION OF INJURY -- Glasgow Coma Scale (See Table 1.1) -- Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning (Table 3.1) -- ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME: THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE (TABLE 3.2) -- ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS -- Disability Rating Scale (Table 3.3) -- Functional Independence Measure and the Functional Assessment Measure -- ASSESSMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC AMNESIA -- Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test -- Orientation Log (O-Log) -- ASSESSMENT OF DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS -- Coma/Near Coma Scale -- JFK Coma Recovery Scale -- Disorder of Consciousness Scale -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES.

Part 2 Epidemiology and Primary Prevention -- 4 Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury -- DEFINITION -- INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE -- Mortality -- Disability -- Costs -- DEMOGRAPHICS -- Causes -- Risk Factors -- SUMMARY -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 5 Prevention of Sports-Related Concussion and Brain Injury -- GENERAL PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS -- SPORT-SPECIFIC PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS -- Football -- Soccer -- Ice Hockey -- Baseball and Softball (Fast-Pitch) -- Lacrosse -- Cheerleading -- Skiing and Snowboarding -- Track and Field -- Other Sports -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 6 Prevention of Traumatic Brain Injury Secondary to Modes of Transportation, Falls, and Assaults -- BACKGROUND -- Impact -- Prevention Strategies -- TBI DUE TO FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION -- Automobiles -- Motorcyclists and Helmet Use -- Bicycling -- FALLS -- Falls in Children -- Falls in Older Adults -- VIOLENCE AND ASSAULT -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- Part 3 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- 7 Concussion Versus Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- Is There a Difference? -- INTRODUCTION -- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA -- COMPLICATED VERSUS UNCOMPLICATED MTBI -- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS -- THEORETICAL CELLULAR NEUROBIOLOGY -- TERMINOLOGY FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 8 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- Initial Medical Evaluation and Management -- DIAGNOSIS -- RISK FACTORS -- LABORATORY STUDIES -- RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT -- Cervical Spine Evaluation -- Skull Radiography -- Cerebral Neuroimaging -- High Risk Mild Head Injury -- TREATMENT -- Guiding Principles -- Primary Survey -- Secondary Survey -- DISPOSITION AND FOLLOW-UP -- Discharge Medications -- Discharge Instructions -- The First 24 to 48 Hours After Injury -- Follow-Up -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 9 Sports-Related Concussion -- Identification and Return-to-Play Decision-Making.

BACKGROUND -- Initial Sideline Identification of Signs and Symptoms -- MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION -- Return-to-Play Guidelines -- Return to Normal Activity Following Concussion -- Individual Factors Influencing Return-to-Play Decision-Making -- Additional Factors -- CONCLUSIONS -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 10 The Natural History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION: SYMPTOMS OF MTBI -- COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND RECOVERY -- EARLY INTERVENTION -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 11 Cumulative Effects of Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- INTRODUCTION -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- PHYSIOPATHOLOGY -- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS -- DIAGNOSIS -- CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY -- Background -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis -- RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 12 Second Impact Syndrome -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- DIAGNOSIS -- History -- Physical Examination -- Radiographic Assessment -- Autopsy Findings -- TREATMENT -- PREVENTION OF SECOND IMPACT SYNDROME IN SPORTS -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 13 Brain Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- BACKGROUND -- IMAGING ASSESSMENTS -- Types of Imaging -- SUMMARY -- Structural Imaging -- Functional Imaging -- Additional Considerations -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 14 Somatic Manifestations of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- FATIGUE -- Definition -- Classification -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- BALANCE AND DIZZINESS -- Definition -- Classification -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- WHIPLASH-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS -- Definition -- Classification -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 15 Cognition in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Neuropsychological Assessment -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Definition -- Purpose -- COMPREHENSIVE NPA -- Clinical Interview -- Neuropsychological Testing -- Interpretation of NPA Data -- Feedback and Recommendations Following the Assessment -- OTHER TYPES OF ASSESSMENT FOLLOWING MTBI -- Brief Cognitive Assessments -- Computerized Assessments -- ISSUES RELATED TO NPA FOLLOWING MTBI -- Timing of NPA -- Examiner Qualifications -- Repeated Testing -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 16 Cognition in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury -- Is There a Risk of Late Development of Dementia? -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Definitions -- Classification -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- DIAGNOSIS -- Risk Factors -- Clinical Presentation -- Physical Examination -- Diagnostic Evaluation -- Neuroradiographic Assessment -- TREATMENT -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 17 Postconcussion Syndrome -- Diagnostic Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- DIAGNOSIS -- Clinical Presentation -- Evaluation -- TREATMENT -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 18 Postconcussion Syndrome -- Symptom Management -- TREATMENT OF POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME -- Introduction -- General Principles of PCS Management -- Education -- Physical Rehabilitation -- Psychological Treatment -- Cognitive Rehabilitation -- PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW -- Headache Pharmacologic Management -- Mood Disorders Pharmacologic Management -- Fatigue Pharmacologic Management -- Sleep Dysfunction -- Dizziness and Disequilibrium -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 19 Confounding Factors in Postconcussive Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- NOMENCLATURE -- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES -- History -- Physical Examination -- Diagnostic Assessments -- Pathologies That May Produce Signs and Symptoms Parallel to Those of Concussion.

Affective Issues -- Comorbidities -- IATROGENESIS -- OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER -- CONCLUSIONS -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 20 Recognizing Manifestations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury -- BACKGROUND -- Definition -- Diagnostic Criteria -- Epidemiology -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- DIAGNOSIS -- Risk Factors -- Clinical Presentation -- Symptoms -- Evaluation -- Controversies -- TREATMENT -- Guiding Principles -- Initial Management -- Ongoing Care -- Treatment Controversies -- Additional Considerations -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 21 Factors Suggesting a Need for Referral to Mental Health Providers in Postconcussive Disorder -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- TREATMENT -- Background -- Management Approaches -- SUMMARY -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- Part 4 Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury -- 22 Field Management -- Prehospital Care -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Aims of Prehospital (Field) Care -- ASSESSMENT -- PATIENT MANAGEMENT -- Airway Management -- Ventilation -- Circulatory Management -- Raised ICP -- Spinal Immobilization -- Transfer to Secondary Care Facility -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 23 Emergency Department Management and Initial Trauma Care Considerations -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Classification -- Pathophysiology (see also Chapters 2, 25, and 26) -- INITIAL EVALUATION AND TREATMENT -- Guiding Principles -- Clinical Presentation -- Symptoms -- Physical Examination -- Diagnostic Evaluation -- Laboratory Studies -- Initial Management -- Treatment Controversies -- ADDITIONAL READING -- REFERENCES -- 24 Imaging in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury -- BACKGROUND: IMAGING TECHNIQUES -- Computerized Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Skull X-Rays -- Angiography -- Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography -- Positron Emission Tomography.

Diffusion Tensor Weighted Imaging.