Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs.
Title:
Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs.
Author:
Bailey, Donald G.
ISBN:
9780470828502
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (508 pages)
Contents:
Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Image Processing -- 1.1 Basic Definitions -- 1.2 Image Formation -- 1.3 Image Processing Operations -- 1.4 Example Application -- 1.5 Real-Time Image Processing -- 1.6 Embedded Image Processing -- 1.7 Serial Processing -- 1.8 Parallelism -- 1.9 Hardware Image Processing Systems -- 2 Field Programmable Gate Arrays -- 2.1 Programmable Logic -- 2.1.1 FPGAs vs. ASICs -- 2.2 FPGAs and Image Processing -- 2.3 Inside an FPGA -- 2.3.1 Logic -- 2.3.2 Interconnect -- 2.3.3 Input and Output -- 2.3.4 Clocking -- 2.3.5 Configuration -- 2.3.6 Power Consumption -- 2.4 FPGA Families and Features -- 2.4.1 Xilinx -- 2.4.2 Altera -- 2.4.3 Lattice Semiconductor -- 2.4.4 Achronix -- 2.4.5 SiliconBlue -- 2.4.6 Tabula -- 2.4.7 Actel -- 2.4.8 Atmel -- 2.4.9 QuickLogic -- 2.4.10 MathStar -- 2.4.11 Cypress -- 2.5 Choosing an FPGA or Development Board -- 3 Languages -- 3.1 Hardware Description Languages -- 3.2 Software-Based Languages -- 3.2.1 Structural Approaches -- 3.2.2 Augmented Languages -- 3.2.3 Native Compilation Techniques -- 3.3 Visual Languages -- 3.3.1 Behavioural -- 3.3.2 Dataflow -- 3.3.3 Hybrid -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 Design Process -- 4.1 Problem Specification -- 4.2 Algorithm Development -- 4.2.1 Algorithm Development Process -- 4.2.2 Algorithm Structure -- 4.2.3 FPGA Development Issues -- 4.3 Architecture Selection -- 4.3.1 System Level Architecture -- 4.3.2 Computational Architecture -- 4.3.3 Partitioning between Hardware and Software -- 4.4 System Implementation -- 4.4.1 Mapping to FPGA Resources -- 4.4.2 Algorithm Mapping Issues -- 4.4.3 Design Flow -- 4.5 Designing for Tuning and Debugging -- 4.5.1 Algorithm Tuning -- 4.5.2 System Debugging -- 5 Mapping Techniques -- 5.1 Timing Constraints -- 5.1.1 Low Level Pipelining -- 5.1.2 Process Synchronisation.
5.1.3 Multiple Clock Domains -- 5.2 Memory Bandwidth Constraints -- 5.2.1 Memory Architectures -- 5.2.2 Caching -- 5.2.3 Row Buffering -- 5.2.4 Other Memory Structures -- 5.3 Resource Constraints -- 5.3.1 Resource Multiplexing -- 5.3.2 Resource Controllers -- 5.3.3 Reconfigurability -- 5.4 Computational Techniques -- 5.4.1 Number Systems -- 5.4.2 Lookup Tables -- 5.4.3 CORDIC -- 5.4.4 Approximations -- 5.4.5 Other Techniques -- 5.5 Summary -- 6 Point Operations -- 6.1 Point Operations on a Single Image -- 6.1.1 Contrast and Brightness Adjustment -- 6.1.2 Global Thresholding and Contouring -- 6.1.3 Lookup Table Implementation -- 6.2 Point Operations on Multiple Images -- 6.2.1 Image Averaging -- 6.2.2 Image Subtraction -- 6.2.3 Image Comparison -- 6.2.4 Intensity Scaling -- 6.2.5 Masking -- 6.3 Colour Image Processing -- 6.3.1 False Colouring -- 6.3.2 Colour Space Conversion -- 6.3.3 Colour Thresholding -- 6.3.4 Colour Correction -- 6.3.5 Colour Enhancement -- 6.4 Summary -- 7 Histogram Operations -- 7.1 Greyscale Histogram -- 7.1.1 Data Gathering -- 7.1.2 Histogram Equalisation -- 7.1.3 Automatic Exposure -- 7.1.4 Threshold Selection -- 7.1.5 Histogram Similarity -- 7.2 Multidimensional Histograms -- 7.2.1 Triangular Arrays -- 7.2.2 Multidimensional Statistics -- 7.2.3 Colour Segmentation -- 7.2.4 Colour Indexing -- 7.2.5 Texture Analysis -- 8 Local Filters -- 8.1 Caching -- 8.2 Linear Filters -- 8.2.1 Noise Smoothing -- 8.2.2 Edge Detection -- 8.2.3 Edge Enhancement -- 8.2.4 Linear Filter Techniques -- 8.3 Nonlinear Filters -- 8.3.1 Edge Orientation -- 8.3.2 Non-maximal Suppression -- 8.3.3 Zero-Crossing Detection -- 8.4 Rank Filters -- 8.4.1 Rank Filter Sorting Networks -- 8.4.2 Adaptive Histogram Equalisation -- 8.5 Colour Filters -- 8.6 Morphological Filters -- 8.6.1 Binary Morphology -- 8.6.2 Greyscale Morphology -- 8.6.3 Colour Morphology.
8.7 Adaptive Thresholding -- 8.7.1 Error Diffusion -- 8.8 Summary -- 9 Geometric Transformations -- 9.1 Forward Mapping -- 9.1.1 Separable Mapping -- 9.2 Reverse Mapping -- 9.3 Interpolation -- 9.3.1 Bilinear Interpolation -- 9.3.2 Bicubic Interpolation -- 9.3.3 Splines -- 9.3.4 Interpolating Compressed Data -- 9.4 Mapping Optimisations -- 9.5 Image Registration -- 9.5.1 Feature-Based Methods -- 9.5.2 Area-Based Methods -- 9.5.3 Applications -- 10 Linear Transforms -- 10.1 Fourier Transform -- 10.1.1 Fast Fourier Transform -- 10.1.2 Filtering -- 10.1.3 Inverse Filtering -- 10.1.4 Interpolation -- 10.1.5 Registration -- 10.1.6 Feature Extraction -- 10.1.7 Goertzel's Algorithm -- 10.2 Discrete Cosine Transform -- 10.3 Wavelet Transform -- 10.3.1 Filter Implementations -- 10.3.2 Applications of the Wavelet Transform -- 10.4 Image and Video Coding -- 11 Blob Detection and Labelling -- 11.1 Bounding Box -- 11.2 Run-Length Coding -- 11.3 Chain Coding -- 11.3.1 Sequential Implementation -- 11.3.2 Single Pass Algorithms -- 11.3.3 Feature Extraction -- 11.4 Connected Component Labelling -- 11.4.1 Random Access Algorithms -- 11.4.2 Multiple-Pass Algorithms -- 11.4.3 Two-Pass Algorithms -- 11.4.4 Single-Pass Algorithms -- 11.4.5 Multiple Input Labels -- 11.4.6 Further Optimisations -- 11.5 Distance Transform -- 11.5.1 Morphological Approaches -- 11.5.2 Chamfer Distance -- 11.5.3 Separable Transform -- 11.5.4 Applications -- 11.5.5 Geodesic Distance Transform -- 11.6 Watershed Transform -- 11.6.1 Flow Algorithms -- 11.6.2 Immersion Algorithms -- 11.6.3 Applications -- 11.7 Hough Transform -- 11.7.1 Line Hough Transform -- 11.7.2 Circle Hough Transform -- 11.7.3 Generalised Hough Transform -- 11.8 Summary -- 12 Interfacing -- 12.1 Camera Input -- 12.1.1 Camera Interface Standards -- 12.1.2 Deinterlacing -- 12.1.3 Global and Rolling Shutter Correction.
12.1.4 Bayer Pattern Processing -- 12.2 Display Output -- 12.2.1 Display Driver -- 12.2.2 Display Content -- 12.3 Serial Communication -- 12.3.1 PS2 Interface -- 12.3.2 I2C -- 12.3.3 SPI -- 12.3.4 RS-232 -- 12.3.5 USB -- 12.3.6 Ethernet -- 12.3.7 PCI Express -- 12.4 Memory -- 12.4.1 Static RAM -- 12.4.2 Dynamic RAM -- 12.4.3 Flash Memory -- 12.5 Summary -- 13 Testing, Tuning and Debugging -- 13.1 Design -- 13.1.1 Random Noise Sources -- 13.2 Implementation -- 13.2.1 Common Implementation Bugs -- 13.3 Tuning -- 13.4 Timing Closure -- 14 Example Applications -- 14.1 Coloured Region Tracking -- 14.2 Lens Distortion Correction -- 14.2.1 Characterising the Distortion -- 14.2.2 Correcting the Distortion -- 14.3 Foveal Sensor -- 14.3.1 Foveal Mapping -- 14.3.2 Using the Sensor -- 14.4 Range Imaging -- 14.4.1 Extending the Unambiguous Range -- 14.5 Real-Time Produce Grading -- 14.5.1 Software Algorithm -- 14.5.2 Hardware Implementation -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- Index -- Colour Plates.
Abstract:
Dr Donald Bailey starts with introductory material considering the problem of embedded image processing, and how some of the issues may be solved using parallel hardware solutions. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are introduced as a technology that provides flexible, fine-grained hardware that can readily exploit parallelism within many image processing algorithms. A brief review of FPGA programming languages provides the link between a software mindset normally associated with image processing algorithms, and the hardware mindset required for efficient utilization of a parallel hardware design. The design process for implementing an image processing algorithm on an FPGA is compared with that for a conventional software implementation, with the key differences highlighted. Particular attention is given to the techniques for mapping an algorithm onto an FPGA implementation, considering timing, memory bandwidth and resource constraints, and efficient hardware computational techniques. Extensive coverage is given of a range of low and intermediate level image processing operations, discussing efficient implementations and how these may vary according to the application. The techniques are illustrated with several example applications or case studies from projects or applications he has been involved with. Issues such as interfacing between the FPGA and peripheral devices are covered briefly, as is designing the system in such a way that it can be more readily debugged and tuned. Provides a bridge between algorithms and hardware Demonstrates how to avoid many of the potential pitfalls Offers practical recommendations and solutions Illustrates several real-world applications and case studies Allows those with software backgrounds to understand efficient hardware implementation Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs is ideal for
researchers and engineers in the vision or image processing industry, who are looking at smart sensors, machine vision, and robotic vision, as well as FPGA developers and application engineers. The book can also be used by graduate students studying imaging systems, computer engineering, digital design, circuit design, or computer science. It can also be used as supplementary text for courses in advanced digital design, algorithm and hardware implementation, and digital signal processing and applications. Companion website for the book: www.wiley.com/go/bailey/fpga.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Genre:
Electronic Access:
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