Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- 1. Urban ecology - brief history and present challenges -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Brief history -- 1.2.1 Initials in urban natural history -- 1.2.2 Socioecological tradition -- 1.2.3 Complex bioecological tradition -- 1.2.4 Ecosystem-related tradition -- 1.3 Recent and present challenges -- 1.4 Purpose and structure of the book -- 1.4.1 Purpose of the book -- 1.4.2 Structure of the book -- References -- PART II: URBAN ECOLOGY: RELATED DISCIPLINES AND METHODS -- 2. Thematic-methodical approaches to applied urban ecology -- 3. Monitoring urban land use changes with remote sensing techniques -- 3.1 Land use changes and their consequences for urban ecology -- 3.2 Urban remote sensing (URS) and geographical information systems (GIS) for research in urban ecology -- 3.3 Measuring physical characteristics of urban areas with remote sensing technology -- 3.3.1 Effects of urban form on natural and man-made hazards -- 3.3.2 Urban dynamics and ecosystem function -- 3.4 Global initiatives to measure urban expansion and land use change -- 3.4.1 Global Urban Observatory of UN-HABITAT -- 3.4.2 "The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion" - a contribution by the World Bank -- 3.4.3 Socioeconomic data and applications Center (SEDAC) at the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York, USA -- 3.4.4 The "100 Cities Project", Arizona State University, USA -- 3.5 Regional urban monitoring activities -- 3.5.1 Europe: ESPON, MOLAND and the Urban Atlas -- 3.5.2 Governmental research projects on urban growth in the United States -- 3.6 Synthesis and outlook -- References -- PART III: SELECTED FIELDS OF URBAN ECOLOGY -- A. PATHWAYS OF THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH.

4. Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and ecological effects of urbanization: a multiscale landscape approach -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Characterizing the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization -- 4.2.1 Quantifying urbanization patterns with landscape metrics -- 4.2.2 Other methods for quantifying urban landscape pattern -- 4.2.3 Effects of scale on the analysis of urban landscape patterns -- 4.2.4 Examples from CAP-LTER -- 4.3 Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization -- 4.3.1 Importance of simulation models in urban studies -- 4.3.2 Approaches to simulating urban dynamics -- 4.3.3 Examples from CAP-LTER -- 4.4 Effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem processes: examples from CAP-LTER -- 4.4.1 Effects of urbanization on biodiversity -- 4.4.2 Effects of urbanization on soil biogeochemical patterns -- 4.4.3 Effects of urbanization on net primary production -- 4.4.4 Effects of urbanization on vegetation phenology -- 4.4.5 Urban heat islands and ecological effects -- 4.4.6 Ecosystem responses to urbanization-induced environmental changes -- 4.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5. Designing urban systems: ecological strategies with stocks and flows of energy and material -- 5.1 The challenge of a new urbanity -- 5.2 Urban systems and their resource management -- 5.2.1 Methodology applied investigating resource management of complex systems -- 5.2.2 Relevant differences between agrarian and urban systems on a regional scale -- 5.2.3 The resource management perspectives on a global scale -- 5.2.4 The essential mass resources in the development of urban regions -- 5.3 Strategies of reconstruction -- 5.3.1 The 2000 watt society -- 5.3.2 Transformation of urban regions in a "time of safe practice" -- 5.3.3 The exploration of urban stocks -- 5.4 Developing strategies for the design of urban systems -- References.

B. SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL THREATS -- 6. Environmental and ecological threats in Indian mega-cities -- 6.1 Urbanization dynamics and emergence of mega-cities -- 6.2 Environmental threats -- 6.2.1 Environmental threats from waste water and sewerage disposal -- 6.2.2 Deteriorating air quality -- 6.2.3 Urban waste mismanagement and environmental degradation -- 6.2.4 Ecosystem damages and ecological footprints -- 6.2.5 Threats from natural hazards, disasters, and climate change -- 6.3 Mega-social challenges -- 6.3.1 Poverty and fragmentation -- 6.3.2 Rising vulnerabilities and insecurities -- 6.3.3 Inequities and inequalities in urban services -- 6.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. From wasteland to wilderness - aspects of a new form of urban nature -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Urban wilderness - some attempts at defining the term -- 7.3 Wastelands as a source of urban wilderness -- 7.4 Urban wilderness in planning -- 7.5 On the ecology of urban wilderness -- 7.6 Urban wilderness in a social context -- 7.7 Educational value of urban wilderness -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- C. FLOODING AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION -- 8. Multiscale flood risk assessment in urban areas - a geoinformatics approach -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Flood risk in the context of urban ecology -- 8.3 Comprehensive flood risk assessment - Naga City, the Philippines -- 8.3.1 Floods in Naga -- 8.3.2 Naga's flood management practices -- 8.3.3 Model-based flood scenario studies -- 8.3.4 Linking flood modeling with disaster management -- 8.3.5 Naga as example for other flood-prone cities -- 8.4 The role of remote sensing in flood risk assessment and management -- 8.4.1 Quasistatic hazard data -- 8.4.2 Dynamic hazard data -- 8.4.3 Mapping elements at risk -- 8.5 Disaster risk in the context of urban ecology - an outlook -- References.

9. Urban open spaces and adaptation to climate change -- 9.1 Cities, climate change and the role of open spaces -- 9.2 Outdoor comfort -- 9.3 Use of space -- 9.3.1 Seasonal profile -- 9.3.2 Diurnal profile -- 9.4 Thermal perception -- 9.5 Adaptation -- 9.5.1 Physical adaptation -- 9.5.2 Psychological adaptation -- 9.6 Design interventions -- 9.6.1 Materials -- 9.6.2 Vegetation -- 9.6.3 Shading -- 9.6.4 Water -- 9.6.5 Other measures -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- D. URBAN BIODIVERSITY -- 10. Social aspects of urban ecology in developing countries, with an emphasis on urban domestic gardens -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Social benefits and human perceptions of urban green areas -- 10.3 Consequences of socioeconomic aspects on the urban green infrastructure -- 10.4 Urban domestic gardens -- 10.4.1 Literature review -- 10.4.2 Case studies from the North-West Province, South Africa -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11. Plant material for urban landscapes in the era of globalization: roots, challenges and innovative solutions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The beginning of plant material globalization -- 11.3 Victorian Gardenesque (1820-1880) -- 11.4 Influence of the Victorian garden on the global planting pattern -- 11.5 Victorian tropical and subtropical paradise -- 11.6 Modern nurseries' direction: global pool of plants -- 11.7 Innovative solutions: searching for new ecological planting design -- 11.7.1 Europe: United Kingdom -- 11.7.2 Europe: The Netherlands -- 11.7.3 Europe: Germany -- 11.7.4 United States -- 11.7.5 New Zealand: modern approach to planting design -- 11.8 Discussion and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- E. ENVIRONMENTAL URBAN DESIGN -- 12. Ecological infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and landscape urbanism for smart preservation and smart growth -- 12.1 Introduction.

12.1.1 Urbanization in China challenges survival -- 12.1.2 The failure of the conventional approach in urban development planning -- 12.1.3 Green infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and landscape urbanism -- 12.2 The negative approach: methodology -- 12.2.1 Process analysis -- 12.2.2 Defining landscape security patterns -- 12.2.3 Defining ecological infrastructure -- 12.2.4 Defining urban form at the large scale: urban growth alternatives based on regional EI -- 12.2.5 Defining urban form at the intermediate scale: urban open spaces system based on EI -- 12.2.6 Defining urban form at the small scale: site-specific urban development alternatives based on EI -- 12.3 Urban growth based on EI: a case of negative planning for Taizhou City -- 12.3.1 Critical landscape processes -- 12.3.2 Defining landscape security patterns for the targeted processes -- 12.3.3 Defining ecological infrastructure -- 12.3.4 Scenarios of urban growth pattern based on the regional ecological infrastructure -- 12.3.5 Shaping urban form at the intermediate scale -- 12.3.6 Shaping urban land development at the small scale -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13. Integrating science and creativity for landscape planning and design of urban areas -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Landscape planning as a legally based contribution to sustainable development in Germany -- 13.2.1 Tasks of landscape planning -- 13.2.2 Methodologies of landscape planning -- 13.3 Landscape design as a creative cultural action -- 13.3.1 Tasks of landscape design -- 13.3.2 Methodologies of landscape design -- 13.4 Linking landscape planning and design: differences, interfaces and potential synergies -- 13.4.1 A matter of timeline and scale: linking multidimensional perspectives on strategic landscape development.

13.4.2 A matter of perception and meaning: linking environmental goals and cultural concepts.