Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care -- Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care -- Introduction -- Etiologies of Painful Spinal Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- CERVICAL SPINE -- LUMBOSACRAL SPINE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part I -- Lumbosacral Spine -- Pathophysiology of Painful Lumbosacral Spine Disorders -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING SPINE FUNCTION -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PAINFUL LUMBOSACRAL SPINE -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PAINFUL SIJ -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Section A Axial Low Back Pain -- Mechanical Assessment of Axial Lumbosacral Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL DIAGNOSES -- MECHANICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Lumbosacral Internal Disc Disruption -- INTERNAL DISC DISRUPTION -- DIAGNOSIS -- CONTROVERSY -- IMAGING -- REFERENCES -- Provocation and Analgesic Discography Evaluation of Lumbosacral Internal Disc Disruption -- INTRODUCTION -- NOMENCLATURE AND TERMINOLOGY -- THE BIOLOGY OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PAIN -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- CONTROVERSIES AND LIMITATIONS OF DISC STIMULATION -- POST DISC STIMULATION RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING -- INDICATIONS -- CONTRA-INDICATIONS -- FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES -- PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES -- TECHNIQUE -- DISC STIMULATION PAIN AND PRESSURE RECORDING -- FUNCTIONAL ANESTHETIC DISCOGRAPHY -- PROVOCATION DISCOGRAPHY AND FAD COMPLICATIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Epidural Steroids for Lumbosacral Internal Disc Disruption -- INTRODUCTION -- INJECTION ROUTES -- MECHANISM OF ACTION -- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP -- INDICATIONS -- EFFICACY RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Intradiscal Heating Procedures for Lumbosacral Internal Disc Disruption -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISMS OF PAIN RELIEF -- INTRADISCAL ELECTROTHERMAL THERAPY.

OTHER ANNULOPASTY PROCEDURES -- INTRADISCAL BIACUPLASTY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Intradiscal Biologic Agents for Lumbosacral Internal Disc Disruption -- INTRODUCTION -- ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW -- THERAPEUTIC BIOLIOGIC STRATEGIES -- INTRADISCAL INJECTION OF A "NAKED" BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FACTOR -- GENE THERAPY APPROACHES -- AUTOLOGOUS IMPLANTATION OF CULTIVATED, MODIFIED CELLS -- IMPLANTATION OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Painful Lumbar Facet Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- FACET JOINT ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS -- FACET JOINT PAIN -- PREVALENCE -- RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS -- UTILITY OF IMAGING FOR FACET JOINT INTERVENTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Blockade of Symptomatic Lumbar Facet Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- DIAGNOSTIC VALIDITY -- ANATOMY -- TECHNIQUE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutic Intra-Articular Lumbar Facet Joint Injections -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- PREVALENCE -- DIAGNOSIS OF LUMBAR Z-JOINT PAIN -- REVIEW OF PERTINENT ANATOMY -- TECHNIQUE OF FACET JOINT INJECTIONS -- EFFICACY OF THERAPEUTIC INJECTIONS: STEROIDS AND VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION -- SPECIAL CASES: FACET CYSTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTRA-ARTICULAR FACET JOINT INJECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Radiofrequency Denervation for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL ANATOMY -- RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION NEUROTOMY -- INDICATIONS -- TECHNIQUE -- EFFICACY -- SAFETY -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Painful Sacroiliac Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- ANATOMY -- IMAGING MODALITIES -- ARTHROGRAPHY AND SIJ DYSFUNCTION -- SACRAL AND SIJ PATHOLOGY -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Blockade of Symptomatic Sacroiliac Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TECHNIQUE OF DIAGNOSTIC BLOCKADE OF THE SIJ -- COMPLICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS -- ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS.

WHEN SHOULD A DIAGNOSTIC SIJ BLOCK BE PERFORMED -- ALTERNATIVES TO ANESTHETIC BLOCK OF SIJ -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutic Intra-Articular Injections for Painful Sacroiliac Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- TECHNIQUE -- EFFICACY OF INTRA-ARTICULAR STEROID INJECTIONS -- EFFICACY OF INTRA-ARTICULAR VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION -- EFFICACY OF PROLOTHERAPY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Neuroablative Techniques for Sacroiliac Joint Pain -- ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT -- SI JOINT PAIN -- RADIOFREQUENCY TREATMENTS -- APPROACHES TO RF ABLATION AND TECHNIQUE -- COMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Midline Posterior Element Disorders -- BAASTRUP'S DISEASE AND INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT PAIN -- REFERENCES -- Fusion Hardware Mediated Low Back Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- PATHOLOGY -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION -- TREATMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Lumbosacral Spine Disorders in the Young Athlete -- INTRODUCTION -- SPONDYLOLYSIS -- DISC AND ENDPLATE INJURY -- PARASPINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME -- REFERENCES -- Section B Radiculopathy/Radicular Pain -- An Algorithmic Approach to Lumbosacral Radiculopathy -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL FEATURES -- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FINDINGS -- DIAGNOSTIC SNRBS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy -- INTRODUCTION -- RADICULAR PAIN AND INNERVATION -- MAIN CAUSES OF RADICULOPATHY -- UNCOMMON CAUSES OF RADICULOPATHY -- EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW OF THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BASICS OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES -- CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE PATIENT -- GENERAL APPROACH TO RADICULOPATHIES -- ELECTRODIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC RADICULOPATHIES -- POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ERROR -- REPORTING AND COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

Epidural Steroid Instillation for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy -- RATIONALE FOR USE OF EPIDURAL STEROIDS -- GENERAL EPIDURAL INJECTION PROCEDURE -- CAUDAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS -- INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL INJECTIONS -- TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS -- COMPARISON STUDIES OF EPIDURAL STEROID INECTION TECHNIQUES -- OPTIMAL TIMING AND NUMBER OF ESIs -- SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS OF ESIs -- ESIs-CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutic Intradiscal Procedures for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- RATIONALE -- INDICATIONS -- TECHNIQUES OF PERCUTANEOUS LUMBAR DISC ACCESS -- MODALITIES -- SAFETY AND RISKS -- POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP -- REFERENCES -- Neuromodulation for Lumbosacral Radicular Pain -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION -- TREATMENT -- BRIEF TIMELINE OF NEUROMODULATION -- MECHANISM OF ACTION -- INDICATIONS -- CONTRAINDICATIONS -- RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS -- PATIENT SELECTION -- ETIOLOGY OF THE PAIN AND LIKELIHOOD OF PAIN REDUCTION -- PATIENT FACTORS -- PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES FOR PERCUTANEOUS SCS LEAD PLACEMENT -- COMPLICATIONS -- OUTCOMES AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS -- REFERENCES -- Section C Functional Restoration and Biomechanics -- Functional Restoration of Painful Lumbar Spinal Disorders -- OVERVIEW -- THE CAUSE (AND ELIMINATION OF IT) -- REDUCING THE RISK OF INJURY -- ASSESSMENT AND PROVOCATIVE TESTING -- SPINE-SPECIFIC ASSESSMENT -- THE SPINE AND ITS FUNCTIONAL KINETIC CHAIN -- EVALUATION OF GLUTEAL AND SCAPULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION -- THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE -- CAVEATS FOR THERAPEUTIC/CORRECTIVE EXERCISE -- REHABILITATION EXERCISE-BIOMECHANICS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE -- SUMMARY: SOME FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Biomechanical Principles for Reducing Low Back Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES -- BIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONS IN TASK DESIGN -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Part II -- Cervical Spine.

Pathophysiology of Painful Cervical Spine Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVALENCE -- COURSE -- DEFINITIONS -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC NECK PAIN -- CERVICAL SPINE DEGENERATION -- NECK PAIN -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISCOGENIC PAIN -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT PAIN -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL RADICULAR PAIN -- REFERENCES -- Section A Axial Neck Pain -- Algorithmic Approach to Cervical Axial Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- ALGORITHMIC APPROACH -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Painful Cervical Discs -- PLAIN FILM RADIOGRAPHY -- CT, MYELOGRAPHY, AND CT MYELOGRAPHY -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Provocation Discography Evaluation of Symptomatic Cervical Discs -- INTRODUCTION -- INDICATIONS -- CONTRAINDICATIONS -- TECHNIQUE -- COMPLICATIONS -- UTILITY OF CERVICAL PROVOCATION DISCOGRAPHY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Percutaneous Treatments for Painful Cervical Discs -- INTRODUCTION -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- EPIDURAL CORTICOSTEROID INSTILLATION -- THERAPEUTIC INTRADISCAL PROCEDURES -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Imaging of Painful Cervical Facet Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SCANS -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- NUCLEAR IMAGING -- CERVICAL FACET PATHOLOGY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Diagnostic Blockade of Painful Cervical Facet Joints -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL FACET JOINT PAIN -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutic Intra-Articular Cervical Facet Joint Injections -- INTRODUCTION -- NEUROANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- DIAGNOSTIC TESTING -- TREATMENT -- TECHNIQUE -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Radiofrequency Denervation for Cervical Facet Joint Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT PAIN -- EVIDENCE FOR CERVICAL RADIOFREQUENCY DENERVATION -- ANATOMY -- RADIOFREQUENCY LESION CREATION.

TECHNIQUES.