Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Tissue Engineering: A Historical Perspective James D. Kretlow and Antonios G. Mikos -- Introduction -- Defining tissue engineering -- Overview: Why tissue engineering? -- Conception to Birth -- Ancient foundations -- Renaissance through 19th century -- 20th century advances -- Organ transplantation -- Vascular grafts -- Bone and osteoinduction -- Stem cells -- Other cell-based approaches -- The birth of tissue engineering -- The 1990s: Research, recognition, and general interest -- Growth: The 21st Century -- Continued advancement -- The Future and the Past -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Current Clinical Needs in Hand Surgery L. Scott Levin -- References -- Chapter 3 Principles of Tissue Engineering for Reconstruction of the Hand Ryosuke Kakinoki -- Preface -- Tissue Engineering -- Cell Transplantation -- Totipotent and pluripotent stem cells -- ES cells -- iPS cells -- Adult stem cells -- Mesenchymal stromal cells -- Tissue Scaffolds -- Cell Environments -- Peripheral Nerve Engineering -- Bone Tissue Engineering -- Tendon Tissue Engineering -- Cartilaginous Tissue Engineering -- Skin Tissue Engineering -- Small Blood Vessel Engineering -- The Future -- References -- Chapter 4 Primary Cell Lines and Stem Cells Katie L. Pricola and Hermann Peter Lorenz -- Introduction -- Human Embryonic Stem Cells -- Maintenance of ESCs -- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells) -- Adult Tissue-Derived Stem Cells -- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) -- Defining MSCs: Isolation, identification, and selection -- MSC Niche: The Bone Marrow (BM) microenvironment -- In vivo and in vitro capabilities -- MSC self-renewal -- Immune function -- Multilineage differentiation potential -- Osteogenesis -- Chondrogenesis -- Adipogenesis -- Tenogenesis -- Myogenesis.

Therapeutic potential: Immune regulation, tissue repair, and gene therapy -- Limitations of MSCs -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Scaffolds Wei Liu and Yilin Cao -- Introduction -- Basic Principles -- Natural scaffolds -- Synthetic scaffolds -- Recent Research in Hand Surgery -- Scaffolds for tendon engineering -- Scaffolds for bone and cartilage engineering -- References -- Chapter 6 Animal Models for Engineering Tissues in the Upper Extremity Xing Zhao and Mark A. Randolph -- Introduction -- Selection of an Animal Model: -- Need for animal model -- Suitability -- Availability of species-specific reagents -- Scientific and clinical relevance -- Selection of Outcomes Measures -- Critical Size Defects -- Animal Models of Tissue Engineering -- Bone -- Animal selection, size, and macrostructure -- Microarchitecture and composition -- Bone remodeling and mechanical factors -- Age and gender -- Cartilage -- Outcome measures -- Species selection -- Acute versus chronic lesions -- Tendon and Ligament -- Nerve -- Species selection -- Vessels and Vasculature -- Species selection -- Microcirculation -- Muscle -- Skin -- Outcome measures -- Species selection -- The Three R's -- References -- Chapter 7 Guidance Strategies in Hand Tissue Engineering: Manipulating the Microenvironment Through Cellular and Material Cues Harvey Chim and Arun K. Gosain -- Introduction -- Cell Guidance: Inducing Site-Specific Homing of Cells Through Creation of a Biomimetic Microenvironment -- SDF-1 α/CXCR4 interaction in homing of mesenchymal stem cells -- Inducing homing of cells using SDF-1 α18 -- SDF-1 αas an agent for cell guidance -- Axonal Guidance as a Strategy for Nerve Tissue Engineering -- Nerve regeneration through molecular cues, micropatterns and electromagnetic cues -- Use of topographical cues -- Nerve guidance channels for axon guidance.

Vascular Guidance: Microstructural Patterning of Polymeric Scaffolds -- Overcoming limitations of currently available scaffolds -- Modeling the perfusion of a calvarial bone flap -- Experimental studies into vascular guidance -- Application of vascular guidance in hand tissue engineering -- Guidance Strategies in Hand Tissue Engineering - Looking Forward -- References -- Chapter 8 Bioreactors Laurence A. Galea and Wayne A. Morrison -- Introduction -- Ex-vivo Bioreactors -- In-vivo Bioreactors -- Bioreactor Models in Tissue Engineering -- Non specific tissue growth -- Skin -- Fat -- Tendon -- Muscle -- Bone -- Nerve -- Cartilage -- The Future -- References -- Chapter 9 Nerve Engineering Gregory H. Borschel -- Rationale for Nerve Engineering -- Ideal Characteristics of a Nerve Substitute -- Nerve Regeneration and Special Challenges with Nerve Tissue Engineering -- Types of nerve injury -- Nerve regeneration and the response to nerve injury -- Historical treatment of nerve gaps -- Nerve engineering strategies -- Synthetic "Biodurable" Conduits -- Silicone conduits -- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, GoreTex) conduits -- Synthetic Biodegradable Conduits -- Polyglycolide, Poly(DL-Lactide- ε-Caprolactone) and other synthetic aliphatic polyesters -- PGA conduits -- Poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) (PLCL) conduits -- Collagen conduits -- Tissue-based Conduits -- Vein and arterial conduits -- Muscle-based conduits -- Processed and decellularized nerve allografts -- Growth factors and cell-based based approaches -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Tendon Engineering Johan Thorfinn, Ioannis Angelidis, Brian Pridgen and James Chang -- Introduction -- Ultrastructure of tendon -- Goals of tissue engineered tendon constructs -- Principles of Tendon Tissue Engineering -- Animal models -- Cell Types Used for Tendon Tissue Engineering -- Scaffold Materials.

Polysaccharides -- Polyesters -- Collagen -- Collagen derivates -- Biological collagen scaffolds -- Synthetic scaffolds -- Actions to Improve Results -- Loading -- Molecular Enhancement -- bFGF -- TGF- β -- PDGF -- IGF-1 -- VEGF -- Multi growth factor approach -- Gene transfer -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11 Skin Deepak M. Gupta, Nicholas J. Panetta, Geoffrey C. Gurtner and Michael T. Longaker -- Introduction -- Skin -- Skin of the Hand -- Wound Healing -- Scarless Fetal Wound Healing -- Burden of Scarring -- The Past: Skin Grafts and Tissue Expanders -- The Present: Skin Substitutes -- The Future: Molecular and Gene Therapy, and Stem Cell Biology -- Stem Cell Biology -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Bone and Cartilage Ashley Rothenberg and Jennifer Elisseeff -- Articular Cartilage Structure and Function -- Bone Structure and Function -- Natural Repair Capacity of Bone and Cartilage -- Cartilage and Bone Development -- Signaling in Development -- Human Cartilage Repair Following Injury -- Bone Tissue Repair Following Injury -- Wound Healing and Limb Regeneration -- Non-regenerative Tissues -- Disease -- Arthritis -- Tissue Engineering of Cartilage and Bone -- Cell Choice -- Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- Embryonic Stem Cells -- Scaffolds -- Bioactive Factors -- Co-culture Models for Cartilage and Bone Reconstruction -- Lingering Questions -- References -- Chapter 13 Blood Vessels Masayuki Yamato and Teruo Okano -- Artery and Vein -- The early tissue engineering of vascular grafts -- Use of scaffolds for vascular grafts -- Sheet-based tissue engineering -- Capillary Networks -- Drug delivery system (DDS) and controlled release -- Endothelial cell transplantation -- Microfluidics -- Cell sheet engineering -- Application to Hand Surgery -- References.

Chapter 14 Bench to Bedside: Navigating Industry, the FDA and Venture Capital Nicholas J. Panetta, Deepak M. Gupta, Michael T. Longaker and Geoffrey C. Gurtner -- Introduction -- Clinical Need Driven Innovation -- Innovation in the Care of the Surgical Patient -- Intellectual Property and the Patent Process -- Proof of Concept -- FDA and the Regulation of Surgical Inventions -- Funding Acquisition -- Commercialization -- Summary -- References -- Index.