Contents -- Preface -- List of Editors and Contributors -- Chapter 1 Medical Innovations in the 20th Century and Their Impact on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: A Global Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Innovations that Influenced Population Health -- 1.3 Growth and Influence of Internet Technology -- 1.4 Health Related Technologies -- 1.4.1 Preventive public health technologies -- 1.4.2 Role of medical technologies -- 1.4.3 Diffusion of medical technologies in developed countries -- 1.4.4 Diffusion of medical technologies to resource poor countries -- 1.4.5 Considerations in making decision to acquire new equipment -- 1.4.6 Review of NICU technology diffusion in developing countries -- 1.5 Technology Assessment and Public Policy -- 1.5.1 Low cost technologies and child survival in developing countries -- 1.5.2 Ethical dilemmas -- References -- Chapter 2 Assisted Reproductive Technologies -- 2.1 Initial Evaluation for IVF -- 2.2 Patient Selection for IVF -- 2.3 Testing Prior to Assisted Reproduction -- 2.3.1 Ovarian reserve testing -- 2.3.2 Evaluation of the uterus and fallopian tubes -- 2.3.2.1 Hydrosalpinges and IVF -- 2.3.3 Evaluation of male factor infertility -- 2.3.3.1 Semen analysis and sperm preparation -- 2.3.3.2 Genetic and hormonal evaluation of infertile male -- 2.4 Preparation for IVF -- 2.5 Fetal Safety of Drugs in Pregnancy -- 2.6 IVF Protocols -- 2.6.1 COH medication and strategies -- 2.6.2 Oocyte retrieval -- 2.6.3 Luteal progesterone support after oocyte retrieval -- 2.6.4 ICSI and sperm retrieval techniques for severe male factor -- 2.6.5 Assisted hatching prior to embryo transfer -- 2.6.6 Embryo transfer -- 2.6.7 Oocyte donation -- 2.6.8 Donor oocyte recipient endometrial preparation -- 2.6.9 Cryopreservation -- 2.6.10 Frozen embryo transfer -- 2.6.11 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis -- 2.7 Risks of IVF -- 2.7.1 OHSS.

2.7.2 Multiple pregnancy -- 2.7.3 ART and major birth defects -- 2.8 Success Rates -- References -- Chapter 3 Advances in Fetal Diagnostics for Genomic Alterations -- 3.1 Origin of Genomic Imbalances -- 3.2 Prenatal Screening -- 3.2.1 Serum biomarkers and ultrasound screening -- 3.2.2 Carrier screening -- 3.2.3 Maternal serum screening of circulating fetal nucleic acids -- 3.3 Prenatal Diagnostic Testing -- 3.3.1 Amniotic fluid -- 3.3.2 Chorionic villus sampling -- 3.3.3 Fetal blood sampling -- 3.3.4 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis -- 3.3.5 Targeted molecular diagnostic testing -- 3.3.6 Rapid aneuploidy detection technologies -- 3.4 Prenatal Genomic Microarray -- 3.4.1 Utility of a whole genome analysis at high resolution -- 3.4.2 Technical components of a genomic microarray -- 3.4.3 Challenges for interpretation -- 3.4.4 Review of published prospective studies -- 3.4.5 Clinical indications for a prenatal genomic microarray -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Fetal Imaging in Detection of Congenital Heart Disease -- 4.1 The Significance of Congenital Heart Disease -- 4.1.1 The incidence of congenital heart diseases -- 4.1.2 The morbidity and mortality associated with CHD -- 4.2 The Importance of Prenatal Diagnosis of CHD -- 4.2.1 What do we achieve with prenatal diagnosis? The place and impact of fetal echocardiography -- 4.2.2 Prenatal insight - in utero evolution of CHD -- 4.3 Examination of Fetal Heart -- 4.3.1 What affects the detection rate? -- 4.3.2 Timing for fetal echocardiography -- 4.3.3 Who should be examined? -- 4.3.4 Screening for CHD -- 4.3.5 Fetal echocardiography -- 4.4 Imaging Modalities -- 4.5 Counseling -- 4.6 The Impact of Fetal Echocardiography - Changing the Prognosis -- 4.6.1 Impact of fetal echocardiography on structural cardiac disease -- 4.6.2 Impact of fetal echocardiography on functional cardiac disease.

4.6.3 Impact of fetal echocardiography on fetal arrhythmias -- 4.7 The Impact of Fetal Echocardiography - Delivery -- 4.8 The Impact of Fetal Echocardiography - What Can We Do for Affected Fetus/Neonates? -- 4.8.1 Improvement of quality of care -- 4.8.2 Impact on pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery -- 4.8.3 Impact on fetal cardiac intervention -- 4.9 Overall Effects of Fetal Echocardiography on CHD - Can We Do Better? -- References -- Chapter 5 Imaging the Newborn Brain -- 5.1 Ultrasound -- 5.1.1 Historical aspects -- 5.1.2 Technical aspects of neonatal brain ultrasound -- 5.1.3 Describing and classifying brain ultrasound abnormalities -- 5.1.4 Accuracy of neonatal brain ultrasound -- 5.1.4.1 The neonatal brain hemorrhage study -- 5.1.4.2 Other ultrasound validation studies -- 5.1.4.3 Studies of the reliability of ultrasound interpretations -- 5.1.5 Ultrasound images as an aid when considering withdrawing or withholding care -- 5.1.6 Ultrasound for detection and monitoring intraventricular hemorrhage -- 5.1.7 Ultrasound for predicting preschoo lneurodevelopmental outcome -- 5.1.8 Ultrasound for predicting school-age neurodevelopmental outcome -- 5.1.9 Routine ultrasound scanning of preterm neonates -- 5.1.10 Limitations of ultrasound -- 5.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 5.2.1 History of neonatal brain MRI -- 5.2.2 Technical aspects of neonatal brain MRI -- 5.2.2.1 Patient preparation and monitoring -- 5.2.2.2 MRI technique -- 5.2.3 Accuracy of neonatal brain MRI -- 5.2.4 MRI appearance of normal neonatal brain -- 5.2.4.1 Myelination -- 5.2.4.2 Migrational milestones -- 5.2.4.3 Cortical sulcation -- 5.2.5 Developmental outcome in infancy and early childhood -- 5.2.6 MRI in term and near-term newborns -- 5.2.6.1 Hypoxic-ischemic injury -- 5.2.6.2 Severe asphyxia in preterm neonates -- 5.2.6.3 Mild to moderate asphyxia in preterm neonates.

5.2.6.4 Severe asphyxia in term neonates -- 5.2.6.5 Mild to moderate asphyxia in term neonates -- 5.2.7 Neonatal stroke -- 5.2.8 Neonatal structural abnormalities -- 5.2.8.1 Corpus callosum abnormalities -- 5.2.8.2 Posterior fossa abnormalities -- 5.2.8.3 Cortical development abnormalities -- References -- Chapter 6 Monitoring and Intervention Therapies in Neonatal Intensive Care Units -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Monitoring and Managing Oxygen Support -- 6.3 Management of Hemolytic Disease in the Fetus and the Newborn -- 6.4 Phototherapy and Management of Neonatal Jaundice -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Regulation of Neonatal Environment 2010 -- 7.1 Basic Physics of Heat Transfer1 -- 7.1.1 Conduction -- 7.1.2 Convection -- 7.1.2.1 Natural convection -- 7.1.2.2 Forced convection -- 7.1.3 Radiation -- 7.1.4 Evaporation -- 7.2 Physiology of Response to Heat Loss -- 7.2.1 Transition from the uterine environment: physiology of cold stress -- 7.2.2 Afferent limb -- 7.2.3 Central regulation -- 7.2.4 Efferents -- 7.2.5 Intervention in early cold stress is intuitive -- 7.3 Human Incubation -- 7.3.1 General metabolic heat balance equation -- 7.3.2 The thermal neutral concept 6,11,32-37 -- 7.4 Convection Warmed Incubators -- 7.4.1 Air versus skin temperature control -- 7.4.2 Air temperature control -- 7.4.3 Skin surface control -- 7.4.4 Evaporation and humidification in incubators -- 7.4.5 Double-walled incubators -- 7.4.6 Incubator homeothermy -- 7.4.7 Prematurity and conventional incubation -- 7.5 The Open Radiant Warmer Bed -- 7.5.1 Partitional calorimetry under radiant warmers -- 7.5.2 Radiant warmers versus incubators -- 7.5.2.1 Insensible water loss under radiant warmers -- 7.5.2.2 Higher oxygen consumption under radiant warmers -- 7.5.2.3 Thermal neutral temperature under radiant warmers -- 7.6 Hybrid Incubator-Radiant Warmer Design.

7.6.1 Versalet IncuwarmerTM -- 7.6.2 Giraffe OmnibedTM -- 7.7 Other Warming Strategies -- 7.7.1 Rigid plastic body hoods as heat shields -- 7.7.2 Occlusive plastic blankets or bags -- 7.7.3 Semi-occlusive artificial "skin" -- 7.7.4 Petroleum emollients -- 7.8 Other Clinical Scenarios -- 7.8.1 Kangaroo care -- 7.8.2 Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants -- 7.9 Therapeutic Hypothermia for Term and Near-Term Neonates - Cerebral Protection -- 7.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Advances in Neonatal Nutritional Care -- 8.1 Historical Aspects -- 8.2 Protein Strategies -- 8.2.1 Requirements -- 8.2.2 Early postnatal intravenous amino acid administration -- 8.2.3 It is the Protein - Enteral -- 8.3 Future Implications of Feeding Strategies -- References -- Chapter 9 Advances in Ventilatory Care of the Neonate -- 9.1 Historical Perspective -- 9.2 Basics of Mechanical Ventilation -- 9.3 Tidal versus Non-tidal Ventilation via the Endotracheal Tube -- 9.4 Noninvasive Ventilation -- 9.4.1 Nasal continuous positive airway pressure -- 9.4.2 Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation -- 9.4.3 Sustained inflation followed by CPAP -- References -- Chapter 10 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Impact of Surfactant Therapy and Antenatal Steroid -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Surfactant -- 10.2.1 History -- 10.2.2 Composition -- 10.2.3 Surfactant replacement therapy -- 10.3 Antenatal Steroid -- 10.4 Economic Impact -- References -- Chapter 11 Antibiotics and Other Miracle Drugs -- 11.1 Neonatal Infections -- 11.1.1 Viral infections -- 11.1.1.1 Hepatitis B infection -- 11.1.1.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection -- 11.1.2 Bacterial infection -- 11.1.2.1 Ophthalmia neonatorum -- 11.1.2.2 Group B streptococcus infection -- 11.2 Neural Tube Defects and Folate Supplementation -- 11.3 Rh Hemolytic Disease and Anti-D Globulin.

11.4 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and Indomethacin.