Contents -- Introduction and Options in Therapy Eli A. Friedman -- References -- Part 1: Contemporary Uremia Therapy CIRCA 2009 -- Chapter 1 Peritoneal Dialysis: Past and Current Practices Mary C. Mallappallil -- History of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Landmarks in Technologies and Techniques in the Last Half-Century -- Plastic bags -- Y system -- Double bag system -- Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis -- Automated peritoneal dialysis -- Compact cycler machine -- Dialysate solutions -- Removal of the high clearance target -- Epidemiology -- Typical Use -- Types of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Specific Requirements for Peritoneal Dialysis -- Drawbacks -- Peritonitis -- Protein loss -- Gastrointestinal complications -- Advanced glycosylated end products -- Electrolyte imbalances -- Advantages -- Residual renal function -- Cost -- Better blood pressure and anemia control -- Recent Uses -- Innovations in Peritoneal Dialysis Techniques and Technologies -- Congestive heart failure -- Solutions -- Convenience -- The Future of Peritoneal Dialysis -- References -- Chapter 2 Hemodialysis Yalemzewd Woredekal -- Introduction -- History of Hemodialysis -- Process of Hemodialysis -- Hemodialysis Machine -- Water Treatment System for Hemodialysis -- When is the Time to Initiate Hemodialysis Treatment? -- Dialysis Vascular Access -- Monitoring of Vascular Access -- Hemodialysis Treatment -- Dialysis Prescription -- Complications Related to Hemodialysis -- References -- Chapter 3 Kidney Transplantation Fasika Tedla -- Introduction -- Historical Perspective -- Trends in Kidney Transplantation -- Patient Survival -- Graft Survival -- Approaches to Increasing the Donor Pool -- Global Trends -- Evaluation for Kidney Donation -- Evaluation of Kidney Transplant Candidates -- Cardiovascular disease -- Infections -- Malignancy -- Disease Recurrence -- Histocompatibility.

Immunosuppression -- Basics of alloreactivity -- Immunosuppressive Agents -- Calcineurin inhibitors -- Antimetabolites -- Corticosteroids -- mTOR inhibitors -- Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies -- Immunosuppression protocols -- Posttransplant Care -- Treatment of acute rejection -- Infections -- Malignancy -- Future Directions -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Home Hemodialysis: Present and Future Therapies Barbara G. Delano -- Introduction -- Early History -- Benefits of Home Hemodialysis -- Survival -- Other advantages -- Cost -- Barriers to Home Hemodialysis -- Present and Future Home Hemodialysis -- Reported Benefits of More Frequent Dialysis -- References -- Chapter 5 Hemofiltration Halim S. Ghali -- Introduction and Basic Principles -- Hemodialysis -- Hemofiltration -- Hemodiafiltration -- Substitution fluid -- Intermittent Modes of Therapy: On-Line Intermittent Hemodialysis, Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration -- Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies: Continuous Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration -- CRRT access characteristics - venovenous or arteriovenous -- Anticoagulation during CRRT -- Heparin -- Citrate -- Selection of anticoagulation -- Forms of continuous renal replacement therapies -- Slow extended hemofiltration -- Continuous venovenous hemofiltration -- Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration -- Continuous venovenous hemodialysis -- Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis -- Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration -- Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration -- Choice of therapy -- Examples -- Specific indications for CRRT -- Acute renal failure -- Contrast-media-induced nephropathy -- Septic shock -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Self-Care In-Center Hemodialysis Susan H. Bray -- References -- Chapter 7 Opting for Death Rather than Dialysis in Chronic Renal Failure Anthony J. Joseph -- Historical Perspectives.

Scope of the Problem -- Clinical Aspects of WD: Factors -- Legal and Ethical Aspects of WD -- Palliative Care for People Refusing Dialysis and Opting for Death -- References -- Chapter 8 Ethical Concerns in Marketing Kidneys Amy L. Friedman -- Background -- Ethics of the Organ Transplant Center in an Organ Shortage -- Ethics of the Transplant Candidate in an Organ Shortage -- The Black Market in Kidneys Circa 2009 -- The Regulated Market in Kidneys Circa 2012 -- Conclusions -- Part 2: Projected Therapy Circa 2012 -- Chapter 9 The Wearable Artificial Kidney: A New Paradigm in the Treatment of ESRD Victor Gura -- References -- Chapter 10 Xenotransplantation Moro O. Salifu, Syed Shah and Subodh Saggi -- The Concept of Xenotransplantation -- Immunologic Barriers -- Improving Xenograft Survival -- Infectious Barriers -- Ethical Issues -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Can the Bowel Serve as a Kidney? Eli A. Friedman -- Bowel as Kidney -- Bowel as a kidney: Oral sorbents -- Diarrhea Therapy -- Bacterial enzyme nitrogen recycling within the gut -- References -- Index.