Contents -- Preface -- Crossing HLA Barriers by "Megadose" Stem Cell Transplants -- Introduction -- Crossing the HLA Barrier in SCID Patients -- The Experimental Basis for "Megadose" Transplants in Leukemia Patients -- How "Megadose"Transplants Overcome the Immune Barrier Initial Evidence for Tolerance Induction by Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells -- A Major Remaining Challenge: Enhancing Immune Reconstitution -- References -- The Haploidentical Option for High-Risk Hematological Malignancies -- Introduction -- Overcoming HLA-Histocompatibility Barriers -- Clinical Outcomes -- a) Engraftment and GvHD -- b) Leukemia Relapse -- c) Non-Leukemic Mortality -- d) Event-Free Survival -- Haploidentical SCT Based on Feto-Maternal Microchimaerism -- Conclusions -- References -- Haploidentical Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Adults Using CD3/CD19 Depletion and Reduced Intensity Conditioning -- Introduction -- Haplo RIC Using CD3/CD19-depleted Grafts -- Literature -- Unmanipulated HLA-Mismatched/Haploidentical Blood and Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- Clinical Results of HLA-Mismatched/Haploidentical HSCT -- Establishment of the GIAC Protocol -- Clinical Results -- Engraftment -- Graft-vs-host disease -- Relapse and management -- Transplant-related mortality and survival -- Posttransplant immune reconstitution -- Immune Tolerance Basis for Unmanipulated HLA-Mismatched Blood and Marrow HSCT -- Simultaneous Induction of T Cell Tolerance in Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Grafts by Treating Healthy Donors with G-CSF -- Maintaining the Hyporesponsiveness of T Cells After in vitro Mixture of G-PB and G-BM in Different Proportions -- Combination of Immunologic Suppressive Agents -- Conclusions -- References -- Alloanergization in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction.

The Immunological Basis of Alloanergization -- Previous Clinical Studies -- Patients, Donors and Preparative Regimen -- Ex Vivo Alloanergization of Bone Marrow -- Pharmacological GvHD Prophylaxis and Supportive Care -- Engraftment and TRM -- GvHD -- Viral Reactivation and Infection -- Immune Reconstitution -- Outcome -- Summary -- In Vitro Studies of Efficacy and Specificity of Alloanergization of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells -- Alloanergization Reduced Alloproliferative Responses in both CD4+ and CD8+ Donor T Cells -- Functional CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses to Human Herpes Viruses Were Retained after Alloanergization -- Tumor-associated Antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Responses Were Also Retained after Alloanergization -- Summary -- New Clinical Study -- Stem Cell Source and Conditioning Regimen -- Donor T Cell and Allostimulator Sources -- Timing of Infusion of Alloanergized Donor T Cells -- Dose Escalation of Alloanergized Donor T Cell Infusion -- Measurement of Functional Antigen-specific Immune Reconstitution -- Final Summary -- References -- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Across Genetic Barriers Using a Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Regimen -- Introduction -- Evolving Strategies to Overcome HLA Barriers -- Effective T Cell Depletion: A Pivotal Platform in the Development of Haploidentical/Mismatched Transplantation -- Early Development in T Cell Depletion -- Recent Advances in T Cell Depletion -- Positive CD34 Selection -- CD3+/CD19+ Depletion -- In vivo T cell Depletion Using Alemtuzumab or ATG -- The Rationale of Haploidentical/Mismatched Transplantation Using Nonmyeloablative Conditioning -- Recent Studies Using T Cell-depleted Hematopoietic Cell Grafts Involving Nonmyeloablative Conditioning (Table 2) -- Results from Tuebingen/Dresden -- Results from Massachusetts General Hospital.

Results from Johns Hopkins University/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center -- Results from Osaka University -- Results from Tokyo University -- Results from Duke University -- Strategies to Improve the Outcome of Patients with Haploidentical Transplantation Using TCD Allografts -- Harnessing the Beneficial Effects of the Natural Killer Cell /KIR Ligand -- Harnessing the Beneficial Effects of the Nonfetal Maternal Antigen -- Selective T Cell Depletion of Allografts -- Cotransplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- Prophylatic/Pre-emptive Donor Lymphocyte Infusion -- Adoptive Immunotherapy and Vaccination -- Conclusions -- References -- Deploying Natural Killer Cell Allotherapy in the Setting of HLA-Haplotype-Mismatched Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- NK Cell Alloreactivity in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation: Preclinical Data -- Donor-Versus-Recipient NK Cell Alloreactivity in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation -- Guidelines for NK-Alloreactive Donor Selection -- References -- Adoptive Immunotherapy for Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infectious Complications After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- Infections After Allogeneic-HSCT -- Cytomegalovirus -- Epstein-Barr Virus -- Adenovirus -- Fungal Infections -- Adoptive T Cell Therapy -- Donor Lymphocyte Infusions -- Depletion of Alloreactive T Cells -- Enrichment of Antigen-specific T Cells -- Clinical Trials -- Cytomegalovirus -- Epstein-Barr Virus -- Adenovirus -- Fungus-specific T Lymphocytes -- Conclusions -- References -- The Challenge in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Shortening the Immunodeficiency Period -- Introduction -- Depletion of Alloreactive T Cells -- Antivirus-Specific Immunotherapy -- Ex Vivo Expansion of a Human Progenitor Committed to the T Cell Lineage and Able to Seed the Thymus -- References.

Treatment of Adenovirus Infection After Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation in Children -- Introduction -- Structure of Adenovirus -- The Role of T Cells in Adenovirus-Specific Immunity -- Incidence and Risk Factors of Adenovirus Infection Post-HSCT -- Diagnosis and Surveillance of Adenovirus Infection After Haploidentical Transplantation -- Clinical Symptoms of Adenovirus Infection Posttransplant -- Pharmacologic Treatment of Adenovirus Infections Post-HSCT -- Adoptive T Cell Transfer in Adenovirus Infections Post-HSCT -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Regulatory T Cell Therapy for Immunomodulation After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- Evidence for Immunomodulation by Endogenous Regulatory T Cells in the Murine BMT Models -- Possible Mechanisms of Regulatory T Cell Control of GvHD -- Impact of Regulatory T Cells on Antitumor Immunity -- Differential Susceptibility of Regulatory T Cells to Immunosuppressive Agents -- Calcineurin Inhibitors: Cyclosporine A and Tacrolimus (FK506) -- Impact of Rapamycin on Treg and Effector T Cells -- Mycophenolate Mofetil -- Impact of Glucocorticosteroids on Treg -- Anti-IL-2 Receptor Antibodies -- FTY720 -- The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Clinical Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation -- Isolation and Expansion Strategies for Human Regulatory T Cells -- Isolation and Expansion -- Clinical Trials -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Pathogen-induced Immune Regulation in Transplantation -- Introduction -- Fungi and Immunity: An Intriguing Relationship -- Dendritic Cells in Hematopoietic Transplantation -- Dendritic Cells Provide Antifungal Immune Resistance -- Dendritic Cells Induce Protective Tolerance -- Antifungal Treg Concomitantly Suppress Inflammation and Alloreactivity -- IDO Contributes to Protective Tolerance.

Exploiting TLR for Transplantation Tolerance: The Lesson from Thymosin α1 -- Immunotherapeutic Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Immune Reconstitution After Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- Factors in the Development of Immune Competence -- Conditioning Regimen -- T Cell Depletion -- HSC Source -- Recipient Age -- GvHD -- Immune Reconstitution -- Immunophenotypic Analysis of T Lymphocytes -- Immunophenotypic Analysis of B Lymphocytes -- Antigen-Specific Immunity Following HSCT -- Antigen-Specific T Lymphocyte Function -- Antigen-Specific B Lymphocyte Function -- Attempts to Improve Post-HSCT Immune Reconstitution -- Cytokine Therapy -- Keratinocyte Growth Factor -- Androgen Receptor Antagonists -- Adoptive Cellular Therapy -- Delayed Lymphocyte Infusions -- Antigen-Specific Donor Lymphocyte Infusions -- Alloreactive-Depleted Donor Lymphocyte Infusions -- Anergization -- Haploidentical HSCT -- Acknowledgment -- References -- The Role of the Thymus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Introduction -- Normal Postnatal Thymic T Cell Maturationand Export -- The Thymic Lymphoid Compartment -- The Thymic Stromal Compartment -- Pathways of Posttransplant T Cell Regeneration -- Thymic-Independent T Cell Regeneration -- Thymic-dependent T Cell Regeneration:The Phenotype… -- …and the Quality -- Limitations on Thymus-dependent T Cell Regeneration -- Human Thymic Function in the Context of Acute GvHD -- Pathomechanisms of Thymic Insufficiency:Insights from Preclinical GvHD Models -- Thymic Dysfunction as a Link to Autoimmunity/Chronic GvHD? -- Interventions to Improve Immune Regeneration via Protection of Thymic Epithelium by Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 -- Conclusion -- References -- Human T Cell Differentiation: New Techniques, Old Challenges -- Introduction.

The Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell and T Cell Potency.