CONTENTS -- Editors -- Reviewers -- Preface -- Preface to OS Volume -- Elevated Phytoplankton Biomass in Marginal Seas in the Low Latitude Ocean: A Case Study of the South China Sea Kon-Kee Liu, Chun-Mao Tseng, Tzu-Ying Yeh and Li-Wen Wang -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Sea surface chlorophyll and phytoplankton biomass -- 3.2. Wind speed -- 3.3. Monsoon-driven variation of chlorophyll -- 3.4. Nutrient demand and supply -- 4. Final Remarks -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using an Air-Sea-Wave Coupled Prediction System Lian Xie, Bin Liu, Huiqing Liu and Changlong Guan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Description of the Coupled Regional Ocean and Weather Numerical Modeling System (CROWN) -- 2.1. The atmospheric model -- 2.2. The wave model -- 2.3. The ocean circulation model -- 2.4. Parametrization of air-sea fluxes -- 2.4.1. The wave state and sea spray affected sea surface roughness -- 2.4.2. The dissipative heating -- 2.4.3. The wave state affected sea spray heat flux -- 2.5. Wave-current coupling -- 2.6. The coupling between WRF and POM -- 3. Application of the Coupled System to Hurricane Katrina -- 3.1. Atmosphere-wave interaction -- 3.1.1. Experiment design -- 3.1.2. Results -- 3.2. Storm surge -- 3.2.1. Model configuration -- 3.2.2. Results -- 4. Summary and Discussions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Coupled Data Assimilation for ENSO Prediction Dake Chen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lesson One: Wind Nudging -- 3. Lesson Two: Bias Correction -- 4. Lesson Three: Century-Long Hindcasts -- 5. Toward Application to CGCM -- 6. Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A Non-Boussinesq Terrain-Following OGCM for Oceanographic and Geodetic Applications Y. Tony Song, Richard Gross, Xiaochun Wang and Victor Zlotnicki -- 1. Introduction.

2. Model Formulation -- 2.1. Basic equations -- 2.2. The stretched-pressure coordinates -- 3. The Non-Boussinesq Global Ocean -- 4. Ocean Bottom Pressure Torque -- 5. Focusing on the North Pacific -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix 1. The S-Coordinate System -- References -- Tropical Pacific Upper Ocean Heat Content Variations and ENSO Predictability during the Period from 1881-2000 Youmin Tang and Ziwang Deng -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model, Data and Assimilation Scheme -- 2.1. Data -- 2.2. Model -- 2.3. Assimilation scheme -- 3. Validation of the HC Analysis from 1980-2000 -- 4. Variability of HC from 1881-2000 -- 5. HC Variability and ENSO Predictability -- 6. Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Salinity Variations in Water Column Due to Outflows Estimated by Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Xiao-Hai Yan and Young-Heon Jo, W. Timothy Liu and Minhan Dai -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background, Methodology, Data and Error Analysis -- Error Analysis: -- 3. Results -- 3.1. River discharge -- 3.1.1. Amazon river discharge -- 3.1.2. Yangtze river discharge -- 3.2. Mediterranean eddy and outflow -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A Two-Dimensional High-Resolution Model for Depth-Average Hydrodynamics Simulations in the Singapore Strait Oleksandr Nesterov and Eng Soon Chan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model Description -- 2.1. Governing equations -- 2.2. Numerical realization -- 2.3. Study domain and boundary conditions -- 3. Some Results of Application and Discussion -- 3.1. Calibration of the model -- 3.2. The influence of wetting and drying on flow in the Johor Strait -- 3.3. Predictions of vortices in the Singapore Strait -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Long Term Memory of Ocean Diffusion Process in West Coast of India Yuuki Yamamoto, Makoto Kano and Shoichiro Nakamoto.

1. Introduction -- 2. Statistical Characterization of Residual Tidal Current Velocity by Pearson's Chi-squared Test -- 3. Power Spectrum and Auto-correlation Analysis -- 4. Rescaled Range Analysis (R/S analysis) -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Dynamic Tsunami Generation Process Observed in the 2003 Tokachi-Oki, Japan, Earthquake Tatsuo Ohmachi and Shusaku Inoue -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake and Offshore Monitoring System -- 3. Tsunami Generation Process Inferred from Observed Data -- 4. Water Waves Induced by Rayleigh Waves -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Clarifying the Structure of Water Masses in East China Sea Using Low-Volume Seawater Measurement with Rare Earth Elements Li-Li Bai and Jing Zhang -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sampling and Analysis -- 2.1. Sampling -- 2.2. Analysis of hydrochemical parameters -- 2.3. Low volume measurement of REE -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Hydrography -- 3.2. Rare earth elements -- 3.2.1. Distributions of REE concentrations -- 3.2.2. Characteristics of water masses by HREE patterns -- 3.3. Kuroshio intermediate water on outer-shelf -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Estimation of Gas Hydrates and Free Gas Concentrations Using Seismic Amplitudes Across the Bottom Simulating Reflector Kalachand Sain and Maheswar Ojha -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theories -- 3. Field Data -- 4. Methodologies and Application -- 4.1. Traveltime inversion and AVA modeling -- 4.2. AVO crossplot -- 5. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Estimation of the Equatorial Pacific Salinity Field Using Ocean Data Assimilation Systems Y. Fujii, S. Matsumoto, M. Kamachi and S. Ishizaki -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Developments of T-S Schemes -- 3. Impact of T-S Schemes -- 4. Spurious Vertical Circulation in the Equatorial Pacific.

5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Geographical Information System Applied to Geophysical Data to Study Gas Hydrate Michela Giustiniani, Daniela Accettella, Umberta Tinivella, Maria F. Loreto and F. Accaino -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study Area and Geophysical Dataset -- 3. Seismic Data Analysis -- 4. Development of GIS Project -- 4.1. Multibeam, CTD and gravimetric data -- 4.2. Chirp and seismic data -- 4.3. Integration of available dataset -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Correlation Between Geological Stuctures and Gas Hydrate Amount O.shore the South Shetland Island - Preliminary Results M. F. Loreto, U. Tinivella, F. Accaino and M. Giustiniani -- 1. Introduction and Tectonic Setting -- 2. Geophysical and Data Processing -- 2.1. Seismic dataset -- 2.2. Applied procedure -- 3. Analysis of Results -- 3.1. The pre-stack depth migration section -- 3.2. Lateral velocity and gas concentration variations -- 3.3. Geothermal gradient versus geological features -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.