LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ADAPTATION -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- On the contextualizing function of speech rhythm in conversation: Question-answer sequences -- 1. Background -- 1.1 What counts as a beat? -- 1.2 How do we judge the regularity of beats? -- 1.3 What can and does rhythm contextualize in verbal interaction? -- 2. The study: A preliminary report -- 2.1 Rhythmic configurations in question-answer sequences -- a. Immediate isochronous onset -- b. Immediate isochronous onset followed by rhythmic disintegration -- c. Delayedisochronous onset -- d. Anisochronous onset followed by new rhythm -- e. Anisochronous onset followed by arhythmia -- 2.2 Some contextualizing functions -- 2.2.1 Face threats -- 2.2.2 Calculation time-outs -- 2.3 Conclusions -- NOTES -- Explaining a missing modal meaning: Ideology and paradigm as pragmatic parameter -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prescriptive and descriptive modalities -- 3. must and ought to -- 4. must and can -- 5. Modals and modalities -- NOTES -- Elements of morphopragmatics -- NOTES -- Switch reference anomalies and 'topic' in West Greenlandic: A case of pragmatics over syntax -- 1. Switch reference -- 2. Coreference anomalies -- 3. Integrating the different explanations -- 4. Concluding discussion -- ABBREVIATIONS -- NOTES -- APPENDIX -- Intornational phrases and syntactic focus domains -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Outside or inside the focus of bare ('only')? -- 3. Concessive or counterfactual? -- 4. Identifying the focus phrase of (ikke) engang ('(not) even'). -- 5. Conversational vs. conventional implicature -- 6. Counterexamples -- 7. Conclusion -- NOTES -- A pragmatic analysis of control in Chinese -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Control in Chinese under various GB accounts -- 2.1 James Huang's account -- 2.2 Battistella's account -- 2.3 Xu's account.

3. Problems with GB accounts -- 3.1 Is there a distinction between finite and nonfinite clauses in Chinese? -- 3.2 Is lexical substitution a real test f or the existence of PRO in Chinese? -- 3.3 Further problems with GB accounts -- 4. Some other alternatives -- 4.1 LFG: Another syntactic account -- 4.2 TR: A semantic account -- 5. Toward a pragmatic approach -- 5.1 General framework -- 5.2 Setting up an I-interpretation rule f or control in Chinese -- 5.3 Testing the rule -- 5.4 "Syntactic" vs. "pragmatic" languages: With the syntactic vs. pragmatic nature of control as another diagnostic -- 6. Conclusion -- NOTES -- Empathy as motivation for style shifting in narrative -- 1. The discourse situation -- 2. Potential linguistic markers of style shifting in the Pear Stories -- 2.1 The choice of the personal pronoun and the narrative point of view -- 2.2 Empathetic possessive suffixes -- 2.3 Stylistic variation in the lexicon -- 3. Conclusions -- NOTES -- Pragmatic constraints on ambiguous text -- From syntax to pragmatics: inalienable possession in Brazilian Portuguese -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The corpora -- 2. The attenuated syntax of Brazilian Portuguese inalienable possession -- 3. Pragmatics -- 3.1 The inference-bound nature of co-designation -- 3.2 Co-designation is a type of implicature -- 4. Conclusion -- NOTES -- On reference and deixis -- 1. Reference and deixis in diachrony -- 1.1 The phylogenesis of deixis -- 1.2 The ontogenesis of deixis -- 2. Reference and deixis in the synchronic study of language -- 3. Referential vs. deictic - constant labels? -- 3.1 The problem of referentiality -- 3.2 The problem of indexicality -- 4. Conclusion -- Contradiction and paradox in discourse -- APPENDIX -- On the language-internal interaction of prosody and pragmatic particles -- 1. Aim -- 2. Prefatory points -- 3. The experiment.

3.1 Aspects of interest -- 3.2 General hypothesis -- 3.3 Stimuli -- 3.4 General method and rationale -- 3.5 The questionnaire -- 3.6 The experimental set-up and the analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Modality -- 4.2 Politeness and involvement -- 5. Conclusions -- NOTES -- Ethnolinguistic and interpretative concepts in explaining language shift -- 1. The ethnolinguistic approach as an interpretive procedure -- 2. The social network: Problems of theoretical foundation -- 3. Methodological aspects - language shift in Sardinia -- 4. Conclusion -- NOTES -- APPENDIX I -- APPENDIX II -- Prolegomena to the pragmatics of "situational-intentional" varieties in Kilivila language -- 1. Introduction -- 2. "Situational-intentional" varieties in Kilivila language -- 2.1 "Biga Bwena" - "Good Language -- 2.2 "Biga Gaga" - "Bad Language" -- 2.3 "Biga Sopa" - "Joking or Lying Language, 'Indirect' Language" -- 2.4 "Biga Pe'ulalBiga Mokita" - "Heavy Language/Hard Words/True Language /'Direct' Language -- 2.5 "Biga Tommwaya/Biga Baloma" - "Old People's Language/Language of the Spirits of the Dead" -- 2.6 "Biga Megwa" - "Language of Magic" -- 2.7 "Biga Tapwaroro" - "Language of the Church" -- 2.8 Summary -- 3. The general function of situational-intentional varieties: The concept of "ritual communication" -- NOTES -- The pragmatics of French newspaper headlines -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The headline corpus -- The papers from which the corpus was drawn -- 3. The rhetorical structure of newspaper articles -- 4. The tension between interest and relevance -- 5. The typographic structure of French newspaper headlines -- 6. Relations between levels in headlines and text -- 7. Influence of the headline code of English -- 8. Grammatical structures in headlines -- 9. The colon: Getting the topic under discussion -- 10. Undetermined nouns: Getting the topic under discussion.

11. Indefinite and definite articles: The unknown and the known -- 12. Deletion of être -- 13. Tense use in headlines -- 14. Present tense for past events -- 15. Passé composé -- 16. Other tenses -- 17. Differences in headline style and content between papers -- 18. Conclusion -- My mom and I are the best friends -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical considerations: Schematic theory, essays and writing - the SPTT -- 3. The design of the empirical study -- 3.1 The cross-cultural comparison -- 3.2 The design of the study -- 3.3 The collection of data -- 4. The two categories: "Text type" and "cliche" -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The category of TEXT TYPE (macrotextual level) -- 4.2.1 Reflective texts -- 4.2.2 Unreflective texts -- 4.3 The category of CLICHES (microtextual level) -- 5. Results (quantitative) -- 5.1 The textual variable TEXT TYPE -- 5.2 The textual variable CLICHE -- 6. Essay analysis (qualitative) -- 6.1 Essay A - Austrian girl -- 6.2 Essay B - Austrian boy -- 6.3 Comparison of Austrian essays A and B -- 6.4 Essay. C - U.S. girl -- 6.5 Essay D - U.S. boy -- 6.6 Comparison of U.S. essays C and D -- 6.7 Comparison of Austrian and U.S. texts -- 7. Conclusion: Cross-cultural differences in mother-daughter relationships - Two different ideologies? -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.