Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Tissue Engineering: From Basic Biology to Cell-Based Applications Robert M. Nerem -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Source -- 3. Stem Cells -- 3.1 Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) -- 3.2 Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells -- 3.3 Adult stem cells -- 4. From Benchtop Science to Cell-Based Applications -- 5. Concluding Comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Somatic Cell Reprogramming Kun-Yong Kim and In-Hyun Park -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nuclear Reprogramming -- 3. Reprogramming by Defined Factors -- 4. Recent Advances in Reprogramming Methods -- 5. Future Perspectives on Reprogramming and iPS Cells -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells Jennifer J. Trowbridge -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Sources -- 2.1 Adult -- 2.2 Fetal -- 2.3 Embryonic -- 3. Applications -- 4. Challenges for Tissue Engineering -- 4.1 HSC expansion -- 4.2 Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to HSCs -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration Ngan F. Huang and Song Li -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MSC Sources and Phenotype -- 2.1 Bone marrow MSCs -- 2.2 Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) -- 3. Differentiation of MSCs in vitro -- 4. Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Using Bone Marrow MSCs and ASCs -- 4.1 In situ tissue regeneration -- 4.1.1 Cardiac repair -- 4.1.2 Peripheral vascular repair -- 4.2 In vitro tissue engineering -- 4.2.1 Tissue engineering of blood vessels -- 4.2.2 Tissue engineering of biological skin equivalents for wound repair -- 4.2.3 Cartilage tissue engineering -- 5. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Repair Michael S. Friedman and J. Kent Leach -- 1. Introduction.

2. Delivery of MSCs for Repairing Cardiovascular Tissues -- 2.1 Engineering long-lasting blood vessels -- 2.2 Implanting MSCs to repair damaged myocardium -- 3. Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration -- 3.1 Cultured epithelial autograft -- 3.2 Dermal substitutes -- 3.3 Bilayered skin substitutes/living skin equivalents -- 3.4 Other vehicles for deploying stem cells -- 4. Biomaterials for Implanting MSCs for Regenerating Osteochondral Tissues -- 4.1 Deploying MSCs for cartilage formation -- 4.2 Deploying MSCs for bone formation and regeneration -- 4.2.1 Cancellous bone chips and demineralized bone matrix (DBM ) -- 4.2.2 Collagen sponges and collagen composites -- 4.2.3 Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite ceramics -- 4.2.4 PLGA and PCL based scaffolds -- 4.2.5 Hydrogels -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 6 Stem Cells for Cardiac Tissue Engineering Jennifer L. Young, Karen L. Christman and Adam J. Engler -- 1. Cell Therapies for Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure -- 2. Cellular Cardiomyoplasty Revisited: The Influence of in vitro Mechanics -- 3. Tissue Engineering Approach: Utilizing Biomaterial Scaffolds -- 3.1 Cardiac patches -- 3.2 Injectable scaffolds -- 3.3 Material selection -- References -- 7 Cardiovascular System: Stem Cells in Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels Rajendra Sawh-Martinez, Edward McGillicuddy, Gustavo Villalona, Toshiharu Shin'oka and Christopher K. Breuer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Critical Elements of an Artificial Blood Vessel -- 3. Approaches to Creating TEBVs -- 3.1 The first artificial artery: Weinberg and Bell -- 3.2 First clinical use of a TEBV -- 3.3 Sheet-based tissue engineering -- 3.4 Stem cells for vascular tissue engineering -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Stem Cells for Vascular Regeneration: An Engineering Approach Laura E. Dickinson and Sharon Gerecht.

1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Sources -- 2.1 Embryonic stem cells -- 2.2 Mesenchymal stem cells -- 2.3 Endothelial progenitor cells -- 2.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) -- 3. Engineering Vascular Differentiation -- 3.1 Mechanical stimulation -- 3.2 Surface topography -- 4. Three-Dimensional Space -- 4.1 Biomaterials for vascular differentiation -- 4.1.1 Natural biomaterials -- 4.1.2 Synthetic materials -- 4.1.3 Shaped scaffolds -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Stem Cells and Wound Repair Sae Hee Ko, Allison Nauta, Geoffrey C. Gurtner and Michael T. Longaker -- 1. Clinical Burden of Wound Healing -- 2. Physiology of Wound Healing -- 3. Stem Cells and Wound Repair -- 3.1 Overview of stem cell biology -- 3.2 Epidermal stem cell biology -- 3.3 Mesenchymal stem cells -- 3.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 10 Engineering Cartilage: From Materials to Small Molecules Jeannine M. Coburn and Jennifer H. Elisseeff -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure of Articular Cartilage of the Knee -- 3. Osteoarthritis of the Knee -- 4. Surgical Strategies for Repairing Focal Cartilage Defects -- 4.1 Bone marrow stimulation -- 4.2 Mosaicplasty and osteochondral autograph transfer system (OATS) -- 4.3 Autologous chondrocyte implantation -- 5. Scaffolds for Assisting Operative Techniques -- 5.1 Collagen scaffolds for augmenting ACI -- 5.2 Collagen scaffolds with autologous mesenchymal stem cells -- 5.3 Hyaluronic acid (HA) scaffolds -- 5.4 Fibrin scaffolds -- 5.5 Chitosan scaffold -- 5.6 Polyester-based scaffolds -- 6. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 7. Hydrogels for Directed Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 7.1 Functionalized Poly(ethylene Glycol ) Hydrogels -- 7.2 Naturally derived materials -- 8. Fiber-Hydrogel Composites -- 9. Small Molecules for Directing Chondrogenesis.

9.1 Glucosamine and its analogs -- 9.2 NINDS library screening -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Adult Stem Cells for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering Sushmita Saha, Jennifer Kirkham, David Wood, Stephen Curran and Xuebin B. Yang -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBMMSCs) -- 3. Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) -- 4. Periosteum Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells (PDSCs/PDPCs) -- 5. Synovium Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SMSCs) -- 6. Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (HDPSCs) -- 7. Umbilical Cord/Cord Blood Derived Stem Cells -- 8. Other Potential Cell Sources with a Chondrogenic Potential -- 9. Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Stem Cells for Disc Repair Aliza A. Allon, Zorica Buser, Sigurd Berven and Jeffrey C. Lotz -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Demanding Intervertebral Disc Environment -- 3. Evaluating a Stem Cell-Based Therapy -- 3.1 In vitro outcome measures and assessments -- 3.2 Models for efficacy and safety: In vivo preclinical models -- 4. Non-Stem Cell-Based Regeneration Strategies -- 4.1 Gene therapy and growth factors -- 4.2 Autologous NPCs -- 5. Stem Cells for Disc Repair -- 5.1 Cell carriers -- 5.2 Autologous versus allogenic -- 5.3 Differentiation of stem cells before implantation -- 5.4 Co-culture techniques -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- 13 Skeletal Tissue Engineering: Progress and Prospects Nicholas J. Panetta, Deepak M. Gupta and Michael T. Longaker -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lessons Learned from Endogenous Skeletal Tissue Development, Healing and Regeneration -- 2.1 Distraction osteogenesis: endogenous skeletal tissue engineering -- 2.2 Craniosynostosis -- 3. Progenitor Cell-Based Skeletal Tissue Engineering -- 3.1 Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells -- 3.2 Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.

3.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells -- 4. Pro-osteogenic Molecular Biology -- 4.1 Bone morphogenetic protein -- 4.2 Wnt -- 4.3 Fibroblast growth factor -- 4.4 Hedgehog -- 4.5 Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha -- 5. Advances in Skeletal Tissue Engineering Scaffolds -- 5.1 Scaffold composition -- 5.2 Scaffold structure -- 5.3 Scaffold fabrication techniques -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- References -- 14 Clinical Applications of a Stem Cell Based Therapy for Oral Bone Reconstruction Bradley McAllister and Kamran Haghighat -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Procurement Methodology for Stem Cell Containing Allograft -- 3. Ridge Augmentation -- 4. Sinus Augmentation -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Therapeutic Strategies for Repairing the Injured Spinal Cord Using Stem Cells Michael S. Beattie and Jacqueline C. Bresnahan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Secondary Injury and Endogenous Repair After SCI -- 3. Therapeutic Targets for Transplanted Stem and Progenitor Cells -- 4. Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury -- 5. Types of Stem and Progenitor Cells Used for Transplantation in SCI -- 6. Evidence for Effects on Regeneration and Sprouting -- 7. Evidence for Effects on Neuroprotection -- 8. Evidence for Replacement of Neurons -- 9. Evidence for Oligodendrocyte Replacement and Remyelination -- 10. Keys to Future Progress -- 11. Are Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapies Ready for Clinical Trials? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Potential of Tissue Engineering and Neural Stem Cells in the Understanding and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases Caroline Auclair-Daigle and François Berthod -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Current Treatments -- 2.1 Parkinson's disease (PD) -- 2.2 Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- 2.3 Huntington's disease (HD) -- 2.4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) -- 2.5 Multiple sclerosis (MS).

3. Tissue Engineering as a Tool to Better Understand Neurodegenerative Diseases.