Front Cover -- Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Editor -- Contributors -- Introduction to the Plastics Industry -- Part I: Plastics, Elastomeric and Nanocomposite Materials -- Chapter 1 Plastics Materials -- 1.1 Polymeric Materials -- Chapter 2 Engineering Thermoplastics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aromatic Polyamides, Aramids -- 2.3 Semiaromatic Polyamides -- 2.4 Polyacetals -- 2.5 Polycarbonates -- 2.6 Poly(Phenylene Ether) -- 2.7 Polysulfones -- 2.8 Polybiphenyldisulfones -- 2.9 Thermoplastic Polyesters -- 2.10 Liquid Crystalline Polymers (Polyesters) -- 2.11 Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) -- 2.12 Polyetherimide -- 2.13 Polyimides -- 2.14 Polyamide Imides -- 2.15 Aromatic Polyketones -- 2.16 Polyarylates -- 2.17 Aliphatic Polyketones -- 2.18 Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 2.19 Polyphenylene -- 2.20 Trends in Engineering Thermoplastics -- 2.21 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Polyolefins -- 3.1 Industrial Processes for Polyolefin Production -- 3.2 Classes of Polyolefins -- 3.3 Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization -- 3.4 Industrial Reactors -- 3.5 Polyolefin Properties -- 3.6 Applications -- 3.7 Polyolefin Composites -- References -- Chapter 4 Introduction to Fluoropolymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fluoropolymer Classification -- 4.3 Polymer Development History -- 4.4 Monomer Synthesis -- 4.5 Monomer Properties -- 4.6 Polymerization and Finishing -- 4.7 Structure-Property Relationship -- 4.8 Polymer Properties of PTFE -- 4.9 Fabrication Techniques -- 4.10 Applications -- 4.11 Safety -- 4.12 Economy -- 4.13 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) -- 5.1 Introduction [1,2,3] -- 5.2 Synthesis of Vinyl Chloride [3,5] -- 5.3 PVC Resin Synthesis and Characterization [1,2,3] -- 5.4 PVC Compounds: Processing and Applications [7,8] -- 5.5 Recycling PVC [12].

5.6 Vinyl: Sustainability and Energy Efficiency [13] -- 5.7 Vinyl Chloride and Health -- 5.8 Dioxin -- References -- Chapter 6 Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification and Structure -- 6.3 Production -- 6.4 Structure-Property Relationships -- 6.5 Applications -- 6.6 Economic Aspects and Trade Names -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermoset Elastomers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Some Experimental Details -- 7.3 Typical Stress-Strain Behavior -- 7.4 Control of Network Structure -- 7.5 Networks at Very High Deformations -- 7.6 Multimodal Chain-Length Distributions -- 7.7 Other Types of Deformation -- 7.8 Filler-Reinforced Elastomers and Elastomer-Modified Ceramics -- 7.9 Current Problems and Future Trends -- References -- Chapter 8 Nanocomposites: Preparation, Structure, and Properties -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Factors Determining the Properties of Heterogeneous Polymer Systems -- 8.3 Nanocomposite Structure -- 8.4 Interfacial Interactions -- 8.5 Nanocomposite Preparation -- 8.6 Composite Properties -- 8.7 Possible Applications -- 8.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Biobased Polymers and Recycling -- Chapter 9 Biodegradable and Biobased Polymers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers -- 9.3 Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Renewable Resources -- 9.4 Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Petroleum -- 9.5 Biobased Polymers Derived from Plant Oil -- 9.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10 Polymeric Biomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Polymeric Biomaterials in Ophthalmology -- 10.3 Polymeric Biomaterials in Orthopedics -- 10.4 Polymeric Biomaterials in Cardiovascular -- 10.5 Polymeric Biomaterials for Wound Closure -- 10.6 Polymeric Biomaterials in Extracorporeal Artificial Organs -- 10.7 Polymeric Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration.

10.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Recycling of Plastics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Technology to Recycle Plastics -- 11.3 Challenges -- 11.4 Industries and Industry Organizations -- 11.5 Products -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Part III: Plastic Processing -- Chapter 12 Plastics Processing -- 12.1 Overview of Rheology -- 12.2 Plastics in Flow -- 12.3 Types of Flow -- 12.4 Orientation -- 12.5 Shear -- 12.6 Viscosity -- 12.7 Measuring Viscosity -- 12.8 Molding -- 12.9 Extrusion -- 12.10 Blow Molding -- 12.11 Thermoforming -- 12.12 Rotational Molding -- 12.13 Composites Fabrication -- Chapter 13 Injection Molding Technology -- 13.1 The Injection Molding Screw -- Chapter 14 Microcellular Injection Molding -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Background -- 14.3 General Discussion of Foam Processing -- 14.4 General Discussion of Microcellular Processing -- 14.5 General Discussion of Microcellular Injection Molding -- 14.6 Process Monitoring and Control Methods for Microcellular Injection Molding -- 14.7 Equipment Requirements for Microcellular Foam Injection Molding -- 14.8 Trexel's MuCell® Technology -- 14.9 Other Physical Foaming Techniques -- 14.10 Typical Objectives of Microcellular Injection Molding -- 14.11 Limitations of Microcellular Injection Molding -- 14.12 Best Target Applications -- 14.13 More Challenging Situations -- 14.14 Commercial Examples -- 14.15 Future Trends -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 15 Extrusion Processes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Single-Screw Extruders -- 15.3 Single-Screw Extruder Mechanisms -- 15.4 Melting Mechanism -- 15.5 Metering Mechanism -- 15.6 Shaping and Drawing and Extrusion Applications -- 15.7 Coextrusion -- 15.8 Extrusion Laminations and Coatings -- 15.9 Solidification and Cooling -- 15.10 Never Stand in Front of a Die when an Extruder Is Starting up.

References -- Chapter 16 Blow Molding -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The Process -- 16.3 Formulas for Blow Molding -- 16.4 Troubleshooting -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 Compression Molding -- 17.1 Basics of Processing by Compression Molding -- 17.2 Molding Force and Pressure -- 17.3 Typical Presses -- 17.4 Compression Molds and Associated Tooling -- 17.5 Commonly Used Resins -- 17.6 Resin Charge Characteristics -- 17.7 Processing Parameters for Granules, Powders, and Preforms -- 17.8 Resin Matrix Modifiers -- 17.9 Engineered Fiber-Reinforced Molding Compounds -- 17.10 Comparisons with Transfer Molding and Injection Molding -- 17.11 Similar Processes -- 17.12 Modeling the Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer of Mold Filling -- 17.13 Ensuring Part Quality -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 Rotational Molding -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Rotational Molding Process -- 18.3 Materials for Rotational Molding -- 18.4 Molds for Rotational Molding -- 18.5 Machinery for Rotational Molding -- 18.6 Design for Rotational Molding -- References -- Chapter 19 Thermoforming -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Thermoforming Characteristics -- 19.3 Thermoformed Product Characteristics -- 19.4 The Thermoforming Concept -- 19.5 Thermoforming Machinery -- 19.6 Thin-Gauge Thermoforming -- 19.7 Thick-Gauge Thermoforming -- 19.8 Other Thermoforming Technologies -- 19.9 Heaters -- 19.10 Electric Rod Heaters -- 19.11 Electric Plate Heaters -- 19.12 Gas Combustion Heaters -- 19.13 Thermoforming Mold Materials -- 19.14 Production Mold Materials -- 19.15 Prototype Mold Materials -- 19.16 Mold Design -- 19.17 Plug Materials -- 19.18 Other Mold Features -- 19.19 Plastic Materials -- 19.20 Thermoforming Window -- 19.21 Semicrystalline Plastics -- 19.22 Bio-based Plastics -- 19.23 Filled and Reinforced Plastics -- 19.24 Multilayer Products -- 19.25 Foamed Plastics [19].

19.26 Thermal Characteristics of Plastics -- 19.27 Product Design -- 19.28 Shrinkage -- 19.29 Draft Angles -- 19.30 Corner -- 19.31 Dimensional Tolerance -- 19.32 Operational Aspects of Thermoforming [25] -- References -- Chapter 20 Process Monitoring and Process Control: An Overview -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Historical Factors Affecting the Development of Process Monitoring and Controls -- 20.3 Basic Concepts: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Controls -- 20.4 Transducers Used in Plastics Processes -- 20.5 Data Acquisition Systems -- 20.6 General Control Strategies: Extrusion Versus Injection Molding -- 20.7 Process Control Applications Overview: Extrusion -- 20.8 Process Control Applications Overview: Injection Molding -- 20.9 Process Development Tools -- 20.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21 Polymer Stabilization -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Degradation Chemistry -- 21.3 Stabilizers -- 21.4 Performance of Stabilizers -- 21.5 Other Factors Determining the Choice of Stabilizers -- References -- Chapter 22 Chaotic Advection and Its Application to Extruding Micro- and Nanostructured Plastic Materials -- 22.1 Applicability and Fundamentals -- 22.2 Machinery and Process Control -- 22.3 Micro- and Nanolayered Plastics -- 22.4 Polymer Blends -- 22.5 Polymer-Solid Composites and Nanocomposites -- 22.6 Mixtures and Nanodispersions -- 22.7 Decoration -- References -- Part IV: Additives, Colorants and Fillers -- Chapter 23 Plastics Additives -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Overview -- 23.3 Thermal Stabilizers -- 23.4 Nucleating Agents -- 23.5 Antioxidants -- 23.6 Flame Retardants -- 23.7 Color and Colorants -- 23.8 Fillers -- 23.9 Reinforcements -- 23.10 Impact Modifiers and Impact Modification -- 23.11 Miscellaneous -- Chapter 24a Coating Plastics -- 24a.1 Introduction -- 24a.2 Plastics as Substrates -- 24a.3 Powder Coatings.

24a.4 Electron Beam and Ultraviolet Curing Coatings.