Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals.
Title:
Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals.
Author:
Crundwell, Frank.
ISBN:
9780080968100
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (623 pages)
Contents:
Front Cover -- Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 - Overview -- 1.1. Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt -- 1.2. Extraction of Cobalt From Copper-COBALT Ores -- 1.3. Extraction of Platinum-Group Metals From Sulfide Ores -- 1.4. Recovering Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals From End-of-Use Scrap -- 1.5. Organization of Major Themes and Topics -- 1.6. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Part I - Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt -- Chapter 2 - Nickel Production, Price, and Extraction Costs -- 2.1. Applications of Nickel -- 2.2. Location of Nickel Mines and Extraction Plants -- 2.3. Price of Nickel -- 2.4. Costs of Nickel Extraction -- 2.5. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 3 - Upgrading of Laterite Ores -- 3.1. Laterite Ores -- 3.2. Upgrading of Laterite Ores1 -- 3.3. Extent of Upgrading -- 3.4. Economic Justification for Upgrading Laterites -- 3.5. Principles and Methods of Upgrading Laterites -- 3.6. Evaluation -- 3.7. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 4 - Overview of the Smelting of Nickel Laterite to Ferronickel -- 4.1. Feed to Ferronickel Smelting -- 4.2. Ferronickel Product -- 4.3. Principles of Ferronickel Smelting -- 4.4. Brief Process Description -- Reference -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 5 - Dewatering and Calcination of Laterite Ores -- 5.1. Dewatering of the Upgraded Laterite Ore -- 5.2. Control of the Dewatering Kiln -- 5.3. Calcination and Reduction of Dewatered Laterite -- 5.4. Chemistry -- 5.5. Products -- 5.6. Appraisal -- 5.7. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 6 - Smelting of Laterite Ores to Ferronickel -- 6.1. reactions in the Electric Furnace -- 6.2. Nickel Recovery -- 6.3. Melting Temperatures -- 6.4. Industrial Smelting Furnaces.
6.5. Method of Heating the Furnace -- 6.6. Electrodes -- 6.7. Furnace Operation -- 6.8. Control -- 6.9. Appraisal and Future Trends -- 6.10. Summary -- References -- Suggested reading -- Chapter 7 - Refining Molten Ferronickel -- 7.1. Phosphorus Removal -- 7.2. Sulfur Removal -- 7.3. Industrial Refining -- 7.4. Removing Other Impurities -- 7.5. Casting of Ferronickel -- 7.6. Appraisal -- 7.7. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 8 - Smelting Laterite Concentrates to Sulfide Matte -- 8.1. Matte Production Flowsheets -- 8.2. Pt Inco Process -- 8.3. Le Nickel Process - Making Matte from Molten Refined Ferronickel -- 8.4. Process Appraisal -- 8.5. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 9 - Roasting Matte to Nickel Oxide and Metal -- 9.1. Matte Roasting Objectives -- 9.2. Chemistry -- 9.3. Products -- 9.4. Industrial Roasting -- 9.5. Re-Roasting -- 9.6. Fluidization -- 9.7. Advantages Of Fluidized Beds -- 9.8. Industrial Operation -- 9.9. Reduction Roasting -- 9.10. Nickel Recovery -- 9.11. Sulfur Capture -- 9.12. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 10 - Overview of the Hydrometallurgical Processing of Laterite Ores -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Alternatives to Mixed Sulfide Precipitation -- 10.3. Downstream Processing -- 10.4. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 11 - High-Temperature Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Laterite Ores -- 11.1. Chapter Objectives -- 11.2. Sulfuric Acid Leaching -- 11.3. Chemistry -- 11.4. Autoclave Operation -- 11.5. Process Appraisal -- 11.6. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 12 - Precipitation Of Nickel−Cobalt Sulfide -- 12.1. Reasons for Making a Mixed-Sulfide Precipitate -- 12.2. Flowsheet -- 12.3. Autoclave Exit Slurry Neutralization -- 12.4. Solution Reneutralization -- 12.5. Removal of Zinc and Copper From Solution by Sulfide Precipitation.
12.6. Precipitation of Nickel−Cobalt Sulfide -- 12.7. Product Destination -- 12.8. Appraisal -- 12.9. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 13 - Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt from Sulfide Ores -- 13.1. Nickel Sulfide Ores -- 13.2. Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt from Sulfide Ores -- 13.3. Hydrometallurgical Alternatives to Matte Smelting -- 13.4. Voisey's Bay Process for Leaching Nickel Concentrates -- 13.5. Heap Leaching of Nickel Sulfide Ore -- 13.6. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 14 - Production of Nickel Concentrates from Sulfide Ores -- 14.1. The Advantages of Grinding and Concentration -- 14.2. Crushing and Grinding -- 14.3. Comminution Steps -- 14.4. Control of Particle Size -- 14.5. Recent Developments -- 14.6. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 15 - Production of Nickel Concentrate from Ground Sulfide Ore -- 15.1. Need for Concentration -- 15.2. Principles of Froth Flotation -- 15.3. Flotation Cells -- 15.4. Flotation Chemicals -- 15.5. Specific Flotation Procedures for Pentlandite Ores -- 15.6. Flotation Products -- 15.7. Operation and Control -- 15.8. Recent Developments -- 15.9. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 16 - Separation of Chalcopyrite from Pentlandite by Flotation -- 16.1. Chapter Objectives -- 16.2. Separation of Chalcopyrite and Pentlandite -- 16.3. Industrial Practice -- 16.4. Grinding -- 16.5. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 17 - Smelting of Nickel Sulfide Concentrates by Roasting and Electric Furnace Smelting -- 17.1. Principles of Roasting and Smelting -- 17.2. Chemistry of Roasting -- 17.3. Electric Furnace Smelting -- 17.4. Industrial Electric Furnaces -- 17.5. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 18 - Flash Smelting of Nickel Sulfide Concentrates -- 18.1. Objective of the Process - Nickel Enrichment.
18.2. Advantages and Disadvantages -- 18.3. Extent of Oxidation -- 18.4. Chemistry -- 18.5. Industrial Flash Smelting -- 18.6. Outotec-Type Flash Furnace -- 18.7. Inco-Type Flash Furnace -- 18.8. Peripheral Equipment -- 18.9. Operation and Control of the Flash Furnace -- 18.10. Appraisal -- 18.11. Recent Trends -- 18.12. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 19 - Converting - Final Oxidation of Iron From Molten Matte -- 19.1. Starting and Finishing Compositions -- 19.2. Chemistry of Converting -- 19.3. Principles of Converting -- 19.4. Behavior of Other Metals -- 19.5. Choice of Final Iron Content -- 19.6. End-Point Determination -- 19.7. Capture of Sulfur Dioxide -- 19.8. Tuyeres and Oxygen Enrichment -- 19.9. Nitrogen-Shrouded Blast Injection -- 19.10. Converter Control -- 19.11. Alternatives to Peirce-Smith Converting -- 19.12. Direct to Low-Iron Matte Flash Smelting -- 19.13. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 20 - Sulfur Dioxide Capture in Sulfuric Acid and Other Products -- 20.1. Nickel Extraction Offgases -- 20.2. Production of Sulfuric Acid from Roaster and Flash Furnace Offgases -- 20.3. Gas Cooling, Cleaning, and Drying -- 20.4. Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide -- 20.5. Catalyst for the Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide -- 20.6. Making Acid from Sulfur Trioxide -- 20.7. Double-Contact Acid-Making -- 20.8. Acid Plant Products -- 20.9. Environmental Performance of the Nickel Industry -- 20.10. Making Sulfuric Acid for the Leaching of Nickel Laterite -- 20.11. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 21 - Slow Cooling and Solidification of Converter Matte -- 21.1. Solidification and Slow Cooling Process -- 21.2. Industrial Matte Casting, Solidification and Slow Cooling -- 21.3. Concentrate Destinations -- 21.4. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading.
Chapter 22 - Carbonyl Refining of Impure Nickel Metal -- 22.1. Chemistry of the Process -- 22.2. Industrial Ambient Pressure Carbonylation -- 22.3. Decomposition of Nickel Carbonyl -- 22.4. High-Pressure Carbonyl Refining -- 22.5. Appraisal -- 22.6. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 23 - Hydrometallurgical Production of High-Purity Nickel and Cobalt -- 23.1. Refining of Sulfide Precipitates from Laterite Leaching Operations -- 23.2. Refining of Nickel Mattes from Smelting Operations -- 23.3. Appraisal -- 23.4. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 24 - Leaching of Nickel Sulfide Mattes and Precipitates -- 24.1. Chlorine Leaching -- 24.2. Oxygen-Ammonia Leaching -- 24.3. Leaching by Sulfuric Acid Solutions using Oxygen -- 24.4. Appraisal -- 24.5. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 25 - Separation of Nickel and Cobalt by Solvent Extraction -- 25.1. Chapter Objectives -- 25.2. Principles of Solvent Extraction -- 25.3. Chloride Solvent Extraction -- 25.4. Solvent Extraction in Sulfate Solutions -- 25.5. Solvent Extraction in Ammoniacal Solutions -- 25.6. Solvent Extraction in Sulfate and Chloride Solutions -- 25.7. Diluents -- 25.8. Washing and Scrubbing the Organic -- 25.9. Impurity Removal -- 25.10. Appraisal -- 25.11. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 26 - Electrowinning of Nickel from Purified Nickel Solutions -- 26.1. Objectives of this Chapter -- 26.2. Electrowinning Nickel From Chloride Electrolyte -- 26.3. Electrowinning Nickel From Sulfate Solutions -- 26.4. New Developments in Nickel Electrowinning -- 26.5. Other Electrolytic Nickel Processes -- 26.6. Appraisal -- 26.7. Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 27 - Hydrogen Reduction of Nickel from Ammoniacal Sulfate Solutions -- 27.1. Process Chemistry -- 27.2. Industrial Applications.
27.3. Industrial Production of Nickel Powder.
Abstract:
This book describes and explains the methods by which three related ores and recyclables are made into high purity metals and chemicals, for materials processing. It focuses on present day processes and future developments rather than historical processes. Nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals are key elements for materials processing. They occur together in one book because they (i) map together on the periodic table (ii) occur together in many ores and (iii) are natural partners for further materials processing and materials manufacturing. They all are, for example, important catalysts - with platinum group metals being especially important for reducing car and truck emissions. Stainless steels and CoNiFe airplane engine super alloys are examples of practical usage. The product emphasises a sequential, building-block approach to the subject gained through the author's previous writings (particularly Extractive Metallurgy of Copper in four editions) and extensive experience. Due to the multiple metals involved and because each metal originates in several types of ore - e.g. tropical ores and arctic ores this necessitates a multi-contributor work drawing from multiple networks and both engineering and science. Synthesizes detailed review of the fundamental chemistry and physics of extractive metallurgy with practical lessons from industrial consultancies at the leading international plants Discusses Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals for the first time in one book Reviews extraction of multiple metals from the same tropical or arctic ore Industrial, international and multidisciplinary focus on current standards of production supports best practice use of industrial resources.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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