Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Biographical Notes -- Contributors -- PART I The Anglo-Saxon Orientation -- 1 Punishment and Control: Juvenile Justice Reform in the USA -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. CONTEXT FOR UNDERSTANDING POLICY -- 1.1. Historical Context -- 1.2. Social and Demographic Context -- 1.3. Crime -- 2. KEY POLICY AREAS -- 2.1. Age -- 2.2. Status Offenses -- 2.3. Discretion -- 2.4. Other Systems -- 2.5. Diversion -- 2.6. Demographic Bias -- 3. POLICY TRENDS AND OUTCOMES -- 3.1. "Get Tough" Reforms for Serious Offenders -- 3.1.1. The Death Penalty for Juveniles -- 3.2. Delinquency Prevention -- 3.2.1. Early Intervention -- 3.2.2. Secondary Prevention -- 3.2.3. Juvenile Court: Processing, Sentencing, and Correctional Reforms for Middle-Range Offenders -- 4. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Canada's Juvenile Justice System: Promoting Community-Based Responses to Youth Crime -- INTRODUCTION: THE YOUTH JUSTICE CONTEXT IN CANADA -- 1. A CENTURY OF CHANGE IN CANADA'S JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM -- 2. THE JUVENILE DELINQUENTS ACT (1908-1984) -- 3. THE YOUNG OFFENDERS ACT (1984-2003) -- 4. DISSATISFACTION WITH THE YOA: CANADIAN POLITICS AND YOUTH CRIME POLICIES -- 5. ENACTING THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT (1996-2003) -- 6. CANADA'S YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT : A SUMMARY -- 6.1. Preamble and Principles -- 6.2. Youth Justice Courts -- 6.4. Role of Parents -- 6.5. Pre-Court Diversion: Extrajudicial Measures -- 6.6. Conferences -- 6.7. Pre-trial Detention -- 6.8. The Sentencing Process -- 6.9. Sentencing Purposes - s. 38(1) -- 6.10. Sentencing Principles - s. 38(2) -- 6.11. Restrictions on the Imposition of a Custodial Sanction - s. 39 -- 6.12. Additional Restrictions Regarding the use of Custody: s. 39 -- 6.13. New Community-based Sentences -- 6.14. New Blended form of Custody and Community Supervision.

6.15. Adult Sentencing -- 7. CHARGING AND SENTENCING UNDER THE YCJA -- 8. THE LIMITED ROLE OF THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN RESPONDING TO YOUTH CRIME -- REFERENCES -- 3 Beyond Welfare Versus Justice: Juvenile Justice in England and Wales -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES -- 2. TRENDS IN OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR -- 3. DEVELOPMENTS IN PREVENTION -- 4. THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM -- 4.1. The Youth Court -- 4.1.1. Lifting Reporting Restrictions -- 4.2. Magistrates and District Judges -- 4.2.1. Specialisation -- 4.3. The Crown Court -- 4.3.1. A Suitable Venue for Juveniles? -- 4.4. The Age of Criminal Responsibility -- 4.4.1. Child Safety Order -- 4.5. Judicial Arrangements for Dealing with Juveniles -- 4.5.1. Pre-Court Disposals -- 4.5.2. Prosecution -- 4.5.3. Pretrial Arrangements -- 4.5.4. Sentencing -- 4.6. Sanctions -- 4.6.1. Supervision Order -- 4.6.2. Action Plan Order -- 4.6.3. Attendance Centre Order -- 4.6.4. Reparation Order -- 4.6.5. Community Punishment Order -- 4.6.6. Community Rehabilitation Order -- 4.6.7. Community Rehabilitation and Punishment Order -- 4.6.8. Curfew Order -- 4.6.9. Drug Treatment and Testing Order -- 4.6.10. Referral Order -- 4.6.11. Parenting Order -- 4.6.12. Anti-Social Behaviour Order -- 4.7. Custody -- 4.7.1. Secure Training Order -- 4.7.2. Detention and Training Order -- 4.7.3. The Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme -- 4.7.4. Long-Term Detention -- 4.7.5. The Rise in the Prison Population -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Mainstreaming Restorative Justice for Young Offenders through Youth Conferencing: The Experience of Northern Ireland -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Young People, Crime Levels and Victimisation -- 1.2. Youth Justice -- 1.3. The Courts and Sentencing -- 1.4. Youth Justice and the Criminal Justice Review -- 1.5. New Principles, Community and Custodial Orders.

2. YOUTH CONFERENCING -- 2.1. The Youth Conference Process -- 2.2. When will a Young Person be Referred to a Youth Conference? -- 2.3. Who may Attend a Youth Conference? -- 2.4. Preparation for the Conference -- 2.5. The Youth Conference -- 2.6. The Youth Conference Plan -- 2.7. Termination of a Youth Conference -- 2.8. Non-Compliance -- 3. ISSUES ARISING FROM THE YOUTH CONFERENCE SCHEME -- 3.1. Informed Consent -- 3.2. Proportionality of Outcomes -- 3.3. Net-Widening -- 3.4. Victim Participation -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Transition and Reform: Juvenile Justice in the Republic of Ireland -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. EXPLAINING THE LACK OF CHANGE IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM 1908-2001 -- 2. TRENDS IN YOUTH CRIME -- 3. CRIME PREVENTION -- 4. JUVENILE JUSTICE IN TRANSITION: IMPLEMENTING THE CHILDREN ACT OF 2001 -- 5. QUESTIONING CHILD SUSPECTS: PROCEDURAL RIGHTS AND WELFARE PROTECTION -- 6. PROCESSING, CAUTIONING AND PRE-COURT CONFERENCING -- 7. CHILDREN COURT -- 8. PRE-TRIAL DIVERSION - CONFERENCING -- 9. SENTENCING -- 9.1. Sentencing Principles -- 9.2. Sentencing Procedures -- 9.3. Sentencing: Orders and Sanctions -- 9.3.1. Fines and Costs -- 9.3.2. Order Imposing a Community Sanction on the Child -- 9.3.3. Deferred Detention Order -- 9.3.4. Parental Orders -- 9.3.5. Detention Orders -- 10. RIGHTS OF DETAINED CHILDREN -- 11. REINTEGRATION -- 12. REFLECTION ON THE FUTURE -- ADDENDUM -- REFERENCES -- 6 Just Desert and Welfare: Juvenile Justice in the Netherlands -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF RECORDED JUVENILE DELINQUENCY -- 2. RECORDED VIOLENT CRIME -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON THE BASIS OF SELF-REPORTING -- 4. JUVENILE DELINQUENTS: SOME CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.1. Gender -- 4.2. Age -- 4.3. Immigrant Youths -- 5. JUDICIAL RESPONSES -- 6. CASES HANDLED BY THE POLICE -- 7. CASES HANDLED BY THE PUBLIC PROSECUTION SERVICE.

8. CASES HANDLED BY THE COURTS -- 9. DETENTION ON REMAND -- 10. RECENT INITIATIVES AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS -- 11. PREVENTION -- 12. SUPERVISION AND TREATMENT -- 13. RESIDENTIAL SUPERVISION AND TREATMENT -- 14. DETENTION ON REMAND -- 15. ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE -- 16. EFFECTIVENESS -- 17. INTERMEZZO II: THE NETHERLANDS FROM A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE -- 18. THE PROS AND CONS WEIGHED -- 18.1. Juvenile Delinquency -- 18.2. Judicial Responses -- 18.3. The Public Debate -- REFERENCES -- PART II Western Continental Europe -- 7 The French Juvenile Justice System -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF DELINQUENCY TRENDS IN FRANCE -- 1.1. Figures from the Police and Judicial System -- 1.2. Self-reported Delinquency -- 1.3. Monitoring Boards for Delinquency and School Violence -- 2. THE PREVENTION OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOUR -- 2.1. Early Prevention -- 2.2. Special Prevention -- 2.3. New forms of "Social" Prevention -- 2.4. The Question of Assessment -- 3. POLICE INTERVENTION -- 3.1. Specialised Police -- 3.2. Discretionary Powers of the Police -- 3.3. Minors and Police Custody -- 4. INTERVENTIONS OF THE PROSECUTOR -- 4.1. Prosecutor Specialisation -- 4.2. Procedure to Launch Criminal Proceedings -- 4.3. Probation -- 4.4. Pre-trial Detention of Minors -- 5. SENTENCING AND SANCTIONS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Survival of the Protection Model? Competing Goals in Belgian Juvenile Justice -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF DELINQUENCY TRENDS -- 1.1. Availability and Reliability of Belgian Figures on Juvenile Crime -- 1.2. Self-report Data -- 1.3. Police Statistics -- 1.4. Statistics of the Public Prosecutor and Youth Court -- 2. PREVENTION OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOUR -- 3. POLICE INTERVENTION -- 4. INTERVENTIONS OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR -- 4.1. Legal Framework -- 4.2. Diversion Experiments -- 4.2.1. Developments over the last 20 years.

4.2.2. Implementation of Diversion: Rehabilitative, Retributive and Restorative Features -- 4.2.3. Profile of Diverted Offenders -- 4.2.4. Figures -- 4.3. Legal Rights of Minors on the Level of the Public Prosecutor -- 5. SENTENCING: BASIC PRINCIPLES -- 6. SANCTIONS -- 6.1. Provisional measures -- 6.2. Judgments -- 6.3. Alternatives -- 6.3.1. Community service -- 6.3.2. Educational Training -- 6.3.3. Victim-offender-mediation -- 6.3.4. Family Group Conference (FGC) -- 6.4. Legal Rights of Minors on the Level of the Juvenile Judge -- 6.4.1. The Act of 1965 (8th of April 1965) -- 6.4.2. The Act of 1994 (2nd of February 1994) -- 6.4.3. Community Service and Educational Training -- 6.4.4. Victim-offender mediation -- 6.5. Juveniles in Institutions -- 6.6. Control of Juveniles' Rights During Detention -- 6.6.1. The Act of 2002 (1st of March 2002) -- 6.7. Evaluation of Judicial Interventions -- 6.7.1. Results and Recidivism -- 6.7.2. Experiences of Juveniles -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9 Juvenile Justice in Germany: Between Welfare and Justice -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN GERMANY: THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN WELFARE AND JUSTICE -- 2. THE SANCTIONS SYSTEM OF THE GERMAN JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT (JJA - JUGENDGERICHTSGESETZ, JGG) -- 3. HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM -- 4. TRENDS IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, PARTICULARLY OF VIOLENT OFFENCES -- 5. SENTENCING PRACTICE IN THE GERMAN JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM (DIVERSION AND JUVENILE COURT DISPOSITIONS IN PRACTICE) -- 6. YOUNG ADULTS (18-21 YEARS OLD) UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE JUVENILE COURTS ( 105 JJA) -- 7. REFORMS SINCE THE 1970S IN WEST GERMANY: INNOVATION FROM THE GRASSROOTS OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM - THE NEW COMMUNITY SANCTIONS (MEDIATION, COMMUNITY SERVICE, SOCIAL TRAINING COURSES, CARE ORDER).

8. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW COMMUNITY SANCTIONS IN EAST GERMANY AFTER THE RE-UNIFICATION IN 1990.