Preface -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER ONE- Introduction -- About This Study -- Study Methods -- Literature Review -- Introduction 3Interviews with Stakeholders -- Survey of Online Sources -- How This Report Is Organized -- CHAPTER TWO- Background: Challenges of and Responses to Infectious Disease Threats -- Infectious Disease Threats -- The Toll of Infectious Diseases -- Infectious Diseases in a Modernizing World -- Near-Term Infectious Disease Threat: Avian Influenza -- Responses to Threats from Infectious Disease -- U.S. Response -- Global Response -- Global Infectious Disease Surveillance -- Recent Improvements in Global Disease Surveillance -- Updated International Health Regulations -- Summary -- CHAPTER THREE- Addressing a New Paradigm: Infectious Disease and National Security -- Infectious Disease and Security -- Evolving Security Concepts -- Effects of Infectious Disease on Security -- Implications of a Biodefense Orientation for Natural Disease Outbreaks -- Infectious Disease, Security, and Disease Reporting -- Infectious Disease and Recent U.S. National Security Initiatives -- BioWatch -- BioSense -- National Biosurveillance Integration System -- BioShield -- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center -- Department of Defense Initiatives -- Summary -- CHAPTER FOUR- Defining Information Needs: Interviews with Stakeholders -- Methods -- Results -- Stakeholders Do Perceive Global Infectious Disease as a Security Threat -- Information Supports Policy Decisions -- There Were More Similarities Than Differences in Information Needs Across Government Sectors -- Despite Similar Information Needs, Stakeholders Consult Different Information Sources -- Classification of Information Is Important but Creates Some Obstacles.

Stakeholders' Information Needs Are Not Fully Met by Their Current Sources -- Preferences Vary for Information-Delivery Format and Methods -- Stakeholders Suggested Areas for Improvement -- Summary -- CHAPTER FIVE- Assessing the Adequacy of Current Information: A Survey of Online Sources -- Methods -- Results -- Most Online Sources Have Unrestricted Access -- Online Sources Reflect a Broad Range of Organizational Sponsors -- Over Half the 234 Sources Focus on Surveillance, Including Early Warning -- Sources Include Information on Diseases in Humans, Animals, and Plants -- Nearly One-Third of Our Sources Use Active Information Collection Methods -- About One-Third of Sources Actively Disseminate Their Data Output -- Summary -- CHAPTER SIX- Synthesis, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- Synthesis -- New Diseases with Global Distribution -- New Populations of Interest: Diseases in Animals -- New Perspectives -- New Range of Stakeholders Interested in Global Infectious Diseases -- New Active Information-Gathering Approaches -- New Sources of Information -- New Disease Indicators -- New Ways of Reporting -- New Types of Analysis and Presentation -- New Policy Initiatives -- Conclusions -- How Has the Emerging Link Between Global Infectious Disease and U.S. National Security Been Perceived and Acted Upon Across Government Sectors? -- What Types of Information About Global Infectious Disease Do U.S. Policymakers Need? -- How Sufficient Is the Available Information on Global Infectious Diseases? -- Implications and Remaining Challenges -- Recommendations -- APPENDIX A- Organizations Interviewed -- APPENDIX B- Interview Guide -- APPENDIX C- List of Online Sources -- References.