Comparative Indo-European Linguistics -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Preface to the Second Edition -- List of Abbreviations -- Languages -- Other abbreviations -- Transcription -- List of Exercises -- Part I. General section -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Historical and comparative linguistics -- 1.2 Comparative linguistics -- 1.3 The language families of the world -- 1.3.1 The Old World -- 1.3.2 The New World -- 2. The Indo-European Family of Languages -- 2.1 The genesis of comparative linguistics -- 2.2 The discovery of the Indo-European family of languages -- 2.3 The Indo-European languages -- 2.3.1 Indo-Iranian -- 2.3.2 Tocharian -- 2.3.3 Armenian -- 2.3.4 The Anatolian languages -- 2.3.5 Phrygian -- 2.3.6 Balto-Slavic -- 2.3.7 Thracian -- 2.3.8 Macedonian -- 2.3.9 Greek -- 2.3.10 Illyrian -- 2.3.11 Messapian -- 2.3.12 Albanian -- 2.3.13 Venetic -- 2.3.14 Italic -- 2.3.15 Celtic -- 2.3.16 Lusitanian -- 2.3.17 Germanic -- 2.3.18 Summary -- 2.4 The splitting up of Proto-Indo-European -- dialects -- 2.5 Indo-Uralic -- the Nostratic theory -- 3. The Culture and Origin of the Indo-Europeans -- 3.1 The culture of the Indo-Europeans -- 3.1.1 Material culture -- 3.1.2 Organization and religion -- 3.2 Poetry -- 3.2.1 An Indo-European poetic language -- 3.2.2 Indo-European metrics -- 3.3 The arrival of the Indo-Europeans -- 3.4 The origin of the Indo-Europeans -- 4. Sound Change -- 4.1 The sound law: The 'Ausnahmslosigkeit' -- 4.2 Sporadic sound changes -- 4.3 The sound laws: Place and time (isoglosses and relative chronology) -- 4.4 The sound law: Conditioning -- 4.5 The sound law: Formulation -- 4.6 Phonemicization of changes -- 4.7 Types of sound change and the phonemic system -- 4.8 Phonetic classification of sound changes: Consonants -- 4.8.1 Assimilation -- 4.8.2 Deletion -- 4.8.3 Insertion -- 4.8.4 Dissimilation.

4.8.5 Metathesis -- 4.9 Phonetic classification of sound changes: Short vowels -- 4.10 Phonetic classification of sound changes: Long vowels and diphthongs -- 4.11 Causes of sound change -- Language change -- 5. Analogy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Proportional analogy -- 5.3 Non-proportional analogy: Leveling -- 5.4 Replacement, secondary function and split -- 5.5 Analogy and sound law -- 5.6 Model and motive -- 5.7 The regularity of analogy: Direction -- 5.8 The regularity of analogy: Change or no change -- 5.9 The limits of analogy -- 6. Other Form-Changes -- 6.1 Additions -- 6.2 Adopted forms -- 6.3 The creation of new formations -- 7. Vocabulary Changes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The disappearance of old words and the appearance of new ones -- 7.3 Changes of meaning: Reduction or expansion of features -- 7.4 Changes of meaning: Other cases -- 7.5 Causes: Wörter und Sachen -- 7.6 Other causes -- 8. Morphological and Syntactic Change -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Morphological change -- 8.2.1 The disappearance of morphological categories -- 8.2.2 The rise of new categories -- 8.2.3 Change -- 8.3 Syntactic change -- 8.4 Causes -- 9. Internal Reconstruction -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Examples -- 9.3 Vowel alternation (Ablaut) -- 9.4 The laryngeal theory -- 9.5 The place of internal reconstruction -- Reconstruction -- 10. The Comparative Method -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Voiced stops in Avestan -- 10.3 OCS nebese - Gr. népheos -- 10.4 The passive aorist of Indo-Iranian -- 10.5 The middle participle -- Part II. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics - Phonology -- 11. The Sounds and the Accent -- 11.1 The PIE phonemic system -- 11.2 Preliminary remarks on ablaut -- 11.3 The stops -- 11.3.1 Labials and dentals -- 11.3.2 Palatals, velars and labiovelars -- 11.3.3 The three velar series -- 11.3.4 Centum and satem languages -- 11.3.5 The voiceless aspirates.

11.3.6 The glottalized consonants -- 11.3.7 Grassmann's and Bartholomae's Laws -- 11.3.8 The Germanic and the High German sound shifts -- 11.3.9 Skt. ks - Gr. kt etc. -- 11.4 PIE *s -- 11.5 The sonants -- 11.5.1 r, l, m, n, i, u as consonants -- Sievers' Law -- 11.5.2 r, l, m, n, i, u as vowels -- 11.6 The vowels -- 11.6.1 The short vowels (*e, *o) -- 11.6.2 No PIE *a -- 11.6.3 The long vowels (*ē, *ō) -- 11.7 The diphthongs -- 11.7.1 The short diphthongs -- 11.7.2 The long diphthongs -- 11.8 The laryngeals -- 11.8.1 Laryngeal between consonants -- 11.8.2 Laryngeal before consonant at the beginning of the word -- 11.8.3 Laryngeal before vowel -- 11.8.4 Laryngeal after vowel before consonant -- 11.8.5 Laryngeal after sonant -- 11.8.6 Laryngeal before sonant -- 11.9 Accentuation -- 11.9.1 Introduction -- 11.9.2 The Indo-European languages -- 11.9.3 Sanskrit, Greek and Germanic -- 11.9.4 Balto-Slavic -- 11.9.5 PIE a tone language? -- 11.10 From Proto-Indo-European to English -- 11.10.1 The consonants -- 11.10.2 The vowels -- Morphology -- 12. Introduction -- 12.1 The structure of the morphemes -- 12.1.1 The root -- 12.1.2 The suffixes -- 12.1.3 The endings -- 12.1.4 Pronouns, particles, etc. -- 12.1.5 Pre‑ and infixes -- 12.1.6 Word types -- 12.2 Ablaut -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 The normal series -- 12.2.3 Ablaut with laryngeals -- 12.2.4 The place of the full grade -- 12.2.5 The function of the ablaut -- 12.3 The origin of the ablaut -- 13. The Substantive -- 13.1 Word formation -- 13.1.1 Root nouns -- 13.1.2 Derived nouns -- 13.1.3 Reduplicated nouns -- 13.1.4 Compounds -- 13.2 Inflection -- 13.2.1 The type of the Indo-European inflection -- 13.2.2 Case and number -- 13.2.3 Gender -- 13.2.4 The inflectional types -- 13.2.5 The hysterodynamic inflection -- 13.2.6 The proterodynamic inflection -- 13.2.7 The static inflection -- 13.2.8 Root nouns.

13.2.9 The o-stems -- 13.2.10 The historical relation between the inflectional types -- 13.2.11 The dual -- 14. The Adjective -- 14.1 Stems -- 14.2 Feminine and neuter -- 14.3 Inflection -- 14.4 Comparison -- 15. The Pronoun -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The non-personal pronouns -- 15.2.1 The demonstratives -- 15.2.2 The interrogative and indefinite pronouns -- 15.2.3 The relatives -- 15.3 The personal pronouns -- 15.3.1 The (non-reflexive) personal pronoun -- 15.3.2 The reflexive -- 15.3.3 The possessives -- 16. The Numerals -- 16.1 The cardinal numbers -- 16.1.1 From 'one' to 'ten' -- 16.1.2 From 'eleven' to 'nineteen' -- 16.1.3 The decimals -- 16.1.4 From 'hundred' to 'thousand' -- 16.2 The ordinal numbers -- 16.3 Collective adjectives -- 16.4 Adverbs -- 16.5 Compounds -- 17. Indeclinable Words -- 17.1 Adverbs -- 17.1.1 Introduction -- 17.1.2 Cases of substantives and adjectives -- 17.1.3 Substantives and adjectives with a suffix -- 17.1.4 Syntactic groups -- 17.1.5 The later prepositions and preverbs -- 17.2 Negation particles -- 17.3 Particles -- 17.4 Conjunctions -- 17.5 Interjections -- 18. The Verb -- 18.1 General -- 18.1.1 Introduction -- 18.1.2 The augment -- 18.1.3 Reduplication -- 18.2 The present -- 18.2.1 Stem formation -- 18.2.2 Personal endings -- 18.2.3 Inflection -- 18.3 The aorist -- 18.3.1 Stem formation -- 18.3.2 Personal endings -- 18.3.3 Inflection -- 18.4 The perfect -- 18.4.1 Stem formation -- 18.4.2 Personal endings -- 18.4.3 Inflection -- 18.5 The middle -- 18.5.1 Stem formation -- 18.5.2 Personal endings -- 18.5.3 Inflection -- 18.6 The dual -- 18.7 The static inflection -- 18.8 The moods -- 18.8.1 The indicative -- 18.8.2 The injunctive -- 18.8.3 The subjunctive -- 18.8.4 The optative -- 18.8.5 The imperative -- 18.9 The nominal forms -- 18.9.1 The participles -- 18.9.2 The verbal adjective.

18.9.3 The verbal nouns and the infinitives -- 18.10 The PIE verbal system -- 18.11 A paradigm as example -- 18.12 Schleicher's fable -- Appendix -- I. Key to the exercises -- II. Phonetics -- III. List of Terms -- Bibliography -- Abbreviations -- I. General introduction -- I.1 The language families of the world -- I.2 Linguistic surveys of modern Indo-European languages -- I.3 History and culture of the Indo-European peoples -- I.3.1 Material and spiritual culture of the Indo-Europeans -- I.3.2 History and religion of the IE peoples -- II. Language change -- II.1 Historiography of linguistics -- II.2 Historical linguistics -- III. Indo-European Linguistics -- III.1 Introductions, grammars and dictionaries -- III.2 The reconstruction of PIE -- 2.4 Indo-Hittite -- 2.5 Indo-Uralic, Nostratic -- 3.3 The arrival of the Indo-Europeans -- IE and non-IE substrates -- 11.3.2 & 11.3.3 Palatals, velars and labiovelars, The three velar series -- 11.3.6 Glottalized consonants -- 11.3.8 The Gmc. and HG sound shifts -- 11.3.9 Skt. ks˙- Gr. kt -- 11.5.1 Sievers' law -- 11.6.2 PIE *a -- 11.8 Laryngeals -- 11.9 Accent and tones -- 11.9.4 Balto-Slavic accentuation -- 12.1.1 Structure of roots -- 12.2 Ablaut -- 12.3 The origin of ablaut -- 13.1 Word formation -- 13.1.4 Compounds -- 13.2.2 Number and cases, case-endings -- 13.2.3 Feminine -- 13.2.4-13.2.7 Inflectional types -- 13.2.10 Historical relation of the inflectional types -- 13.2.11 Dual -- 14. Adjective -- 15. Pronouns -- 15.2.1 Demonstratives -- 15.2.3 Relatives -- 15.3 Personal pronouns -- 16. Numerals -- 17. Indeclinable words -- 18. The verb -- 18.1.3 Reduplication -- 18.2.1 Present stems -- 18.2.2 Present endings -- 18.3 Aorist -- 18.4 Perfect -- 18.5 Middle -- 18.7 Static inflexion -- 18.8 Moods -- 18.9.1 Participles -- 18.9.3 Verbal nouns -- 18.10 The PIE verbal system.

III.3 Reviews of the first edition.