GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Grammatical metaphor in SFL -- 1. Halliday 1985 -- 1.1. Grammatical metaphor and the lexicogrammar continuum -- 1.2. Ideational grammatical metaphor -- 1.3. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor -- 1.4. Ideational and interpersonal metaphors: General aspects -- 1.5. Conclusion -- 2. The theme of congruence in earlier work -- 2.1. The concept of congruence in early work by Halliday -- 2.1.1. Congruence, markedness and probability value -- 2.1.2. Congruence and social varieties of language -- 2.2. Congruence in the interpersonal component: Halliday 1984 -- 2.3. Congruence in the ideational component: Fawcett 1980 -- 3. An initial framework for ideational grammatical metaphor: Ravelli 1985,1988 -- 4. Review: Leading motifs in the initial studies of grammatical metaphor -- 4.1. Incongruence -- 4.2. Metaphor and realization -- 4.3. Metaphor and system network representations -- Notes -- References -- Part I. Grammatical metaphor: Clarification and application -- Renewal of connection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Renewing definitions -- 2.2. Metaphor as simple versus compound semantic choice -- 2.3. Pushing the (definitional) boundaries -- 3.1. Grasping at nominal straws: 'Translation ' as a metaphor for metaphor -- 3.2. Metaphor as a resource in its own right -- 4. Motivating metaphor:Metafunctional and contextual considerations -- 5. Difficult nuts to crack: The hoary chestnuts of metaphor -- 6. Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Nominalization as grammatical metaphor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The role of agnation in the analysis of nominalizations -- 2.1. Nominalization -- 2.2. Agnation as systematic grammatico-semantic relationship between structures -- 2.3. Agnation and enation are mutually defining.

2.4. Agnation networks vs. the systemic-functional focus on one clausal agnate -- 2.5. Agnation as heuristic: The interplay between a syntagm and its paradigms -- 3. The system of gerundive nominalization -- 3. 1. Lees's (I960) network of related structures -- 3.2. Agnation as a tool for establishing and interpreting units -- 3.2.1. The units cleaning and the windows constitute a form-function unit -- 3.2.2. -ing as an alternative to tense/modality -- 3.2.3. The possessive as premodifier of the nominal Head -- 3.3. Gerundive nominalization: Conclusion -- 4. On the importance of the interpersonal metafunction to grammatical metaphor -- 4.1. A metafunctional approach to grammatical metaphor? -- 4.2. A case in point: -er nominalization -- 4.2.1. Introduction -- 4.2.2. -er nominals are systematically related to Subject-verb constellations -- 4.2.3. Non-agentive -er nominals and middle formation -- 4.2.4. The system of-er nominalization -- 5. Nominalization as ideational metaphor? -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Ambiguity in grammatical metaphor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The transitive/ergative problem -- 2.1. Different uses of the term 'ergative ' -- 2.2. The transitive/ergative split in Systemic-Functional Grammar -- 3. Ambiguity in grammatical metaphor -- 3.1. Ambiguity and vagueness -- 3.2. Nominalization of transitive processes -- 3.3. Nominalization of ergative processes -- 4. Transitive and ergative nominalizations in discourse -- 4.1. Ambiguity and vagueness as products of the flow of discourse -- 4.2. What headlines reveal -- 4.2.1. The press as a source -- 4.2.2. The rough figures -- 4.2.3. Transitive nominalizations in headlines -- 4.2.4. Ergative nominalizations in headlines -- 4.3. Interpretation of the data -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- The evolution of grammatical metaphor in scientific writing.

1. Introduction -- 2. The beginnings of English scientific discourse -- 3. Situating Newton's Treatise -- 4. Scientific writing just before Newton -- 5. Development in the biological sciences -- 6. Faraday: A contemporary of Darwin -- 7. The early twentieth century -- 8. The late twentieth century -- 9. Grammatical function -- 10. Closing remarks -- Notes -- References -- Corpus references -- Part II. Development of metaphor in children -- The use of a metaphorical mode of meaning in early language development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protolanguage and first words -- 3. Grammatical metaphor -- 4. Interpreting metaphor in the grammar of saying -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The emergence of grammatical metaphor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. This study -- 3. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor: Ontogenesis in early childhood -- 4. Ideational grammatical metaphor: Ontogenesis in early childhood -- 5. Analytical framework -- 6. Trends evident in the data -- 6.1. Children from 1:8 to 2:0 years -- 6.2. Children from 2:0 to 3:0 years -- 6.3. Children from 3:0 to 4:0 years -- 6.4. Children from 4:0 to 5:0 years -- 7. Issues arising from the study: Significance for teachers -- References -- Grammatical metaphor in the transition to adolescence -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gateways to grammatical metaphor -- 2.1. Precursors of grammatical metaphor -- 2,1.1. Playing with interstratal relationships -- 2.1.2. Lexical metaphor -- 2.2. Protometaphor -- 2.2.2. Rankshifted embeddings as protometaphor -- 2.2.3. Faded metaphors -- 3. Into the adult system -- 3.1. (I) Shift to 'thing' -- 3.1.1. (Ia) quality: thing -- 3.1.2. (Ib) process: thing -- 3.1.3. (Ic) phase of process (time): thing -- 3.1.4. (Id) conation: thing -- 3.1.5. (Ie) modality of process: thing -- 3.1.6. (If) minor process: thing (including 'circumstance: thing') -- 3.1.7. (Ih) relator: thing.

3.2. (II) Shift to 'quality' -- 3.2.1. (IIa) thing: class (of things) -- 3.2.2. (IIb) thing: circumstantial quality1 -- 3.2.3. (IIc) thing: possessor (of thing) -- 3.2.4. (IId) process: quality -- 3.2.5. (IIe) aspect or phase of process: quality -- 3.2.6. (llf) modality/modulation of process: quality -- 3.2. 7. (Ilg) circumstance: quality -- 3.2.8. (Ilh) relator: quality -- 3.2.9. Summary of 'shift to quality ' -- 3.3. (Ill) Shift to 'process ' -- 3.3.1. (IIIa) circumstance : process -- 3.3.2. (IIIb) relator: process -- 3.3.3. (IIIc) process type A > process type B -- 3.3.4. Summary of 'shift to process ' -- 3.4. Summary of all instances of experiential grammatical metaphor in the written core data -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part III. Interpersonal metaphor: Enactment and positioning -- Lexical metaphor and interpersonal meaning -- 1. Introduction: Aims of this article -- 2. Preliminary observations:How is lexical metaphor (un)like grammatical metaphor? -- 2.1. Parallels between GM and LM -- 2.2. Differences between GM and LM -- 3. Data: Metaphorical realisations of verbal Processes -- 4. Transitivity in metaphors of verbal Processes -- 4.1. Verbal Process as material Process -- 4.2. Verbal Process as Participant or Circumstance in a material Process -- 5. Donor domains of verbal Process metaphors and the link with transitivity shifts -- 5.1. Verbal interaction = possession and exchange of object -- 5.2. Verbal interaction = location and movement -- 5.3. Verbal interaction = physical violence/fighting/destruction -- 5.4. Verbal interaction = vocal and non-vocal behaviour -- 6. Interpersonal meaning in verbal Process metaphors: Evidence from the dictionary -- 6.1. Judgement: social esteem: capacity -- 6.2. Judgement: social esteem: courtesy -- 6.3. Judgement: social sanction: propriety.

6.4. Judgement: social sanction: veracity -- 6.5. Appreciation -- 6.6. Graduation: Scales of quantity, duration and frequency -- 6.7. Graduation: Scales of speed and loudness -- 6.8. Graduation: Scale of intensity -- 7. Interpersonal meaning in metaphors: An illustration from corpus data -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- The elided participant -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Resources for eliding -- 2.1. An example -- 2.2. Nominalisation -- 2.3. Passivisation -- 3. Eliding in text -- 3.1. Eliding the Senser in methods and findings -- 3.1.1. Indexing the W-participant -- 3.2. Eliding the Senser in discussion and conclusions -- 3.2.1. Metonymy -- 3,3. Summary of environments for eliding participants -- 4. Issues remaining -- Notes -- References -- Imperativereadings of grammatical metaphor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Defining grammatical metaphor -- 3. Types of grammatical metaphor -- 4. The imperative -- 4.1. Categorization of the imperative -- 4.3. Context -- 4.4. Towards a typology of processes based on semantic features -- 5. Describing the experiment -- 6. Results and discussion -- 6.1. Analysis of non-co-operative response to a warning -- 6.2. Analysis of co-operative response to the same example -- 7. Towards a cline of metaphoricity -- 8. Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Part IV. 'Metaphor' in grammar and in other modes of meaning -- Phonological metaphor -- 1. Engagement with phonological metaphor -- 2. A framework for phonological metaphor -- 3. Phonological metaphor and the problem of channel -- 4. Metaphor in SFG and phonological metaphor -- 5. Metaphor and phonological metaphor as exploratory precision tools -- 6. Two 'Magic Rectangle' texts -- 7. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor and phonological metaphor -- 8. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Intersemiosis in mathematics and science.

1. Introduction.