LANGUAGE CONTACTS IN PREHISTORY -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- PREFACE -- Table of contents -- INTRODUCTION -- 0. Preamble -- 1.0 Strata, stratification, and stratigraphy -- 1.1 Strata -- 1.2 Stratigraphy -- 1.3 Diagrams -- 2. Language contact in prehistory -- 2.1 Borrowings and intrusions -- 2.2 Typologies of contact changes -- 3. The issue of epistemology -- STRATUM AND SHADOWA GENEALOGY OF STRATIGRAPHY THEORIES FROM THE INDO-EUROPEAN WEST -- 0. Introduction -- 1. De Jubainville and Ascoli -- 2. Gaulish and Romance -- 3. The Ligurian hypothesis -- 4. Celtic hegemony -- 5. Sigmund Feist -- 6. The Ligurian shadow -- 7. Old European -- 8. The hegemonic shadow -- 9. Feist's substratum -- 10. The Northwest Block -- 11. Conclusion -- SLAVIC AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The tradition of stratigraphy in comparative Slavic linguistics -- 1.0 Overview -- 1.1 Common Slavic lexical accessions in recent prehistory -- 1.2 Lexical affinities in the more distant past -- 2. Irregular phonological correspondences in Proto-Slavic -- 2.1 Proto-Indo-European palatals -- 2.2 The Ruki Change -- 2.3 Dual reflexes of syllabic sonorants -- 2.4 Word-initial laryngeals -- 3. Conclusions -- 3.1 Supporting evidence -- 4. The Indo-European migrations -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERFECT IN INDO-EUROPEANSTRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF PREHISTORIC AREAL INFLUENCE -- 0. Introduction: Stratigraphic analysis of Proto-Indo-European -- 1. Theoretical background -- 2. The Indo-European perfect -- 2.1 Semantic development -- 2.2 Morphosyntactic development -- 2.3 Development of a middle perfect -- 3. Conclusion -- STRATIGRAPHY IN AFRICAN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS -- STRATIGRAPHY AND PREHISTORY: BANTU ZONE F -- 1. Background and problem -- 1.1 The general geographical, linguistic, and sociolinguistic picture.

1.2 The conventional linguistic and historical interpretation -- 2. Database -- 3. Our approach -- 3.1 Analysis of vocabulary. -- 3.2 Analysis of phonological processes assumed to be innovations -- 3.3 A significant innovation in the tense-aspect pattern -- 3.4 Analysis of tonal data -- 4. Linguistic synthesis of Section 3 -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Stratigraphy -- 5. Historical synthesis -- LANGUAGE CONTACTS IN NILO-SAHARAN PREHISTORY -- 0. Introducing the Topic -- 1. Sound Change Histories -- 2. Building a stratigraphy -- 3. The stratigraphy -- EVIDENCEFOR AUSTROASIATIC STRATA IN THAI -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic stratigraphy in language areas -- 3. Linguistic interaction in Mainland Southeast Asia -- 4. Historical and archaeological record -- 5. Thai contact with Austroasiatic languages -- 5.1 Stage one: Xi River level (c. A.D. 1-500) -- 5.2 Stage two: Red River level (c. A.D. 500-1100) -- 5.3 Stage three: Mekhong River level (c. A.D. 1100-1350) -- 5.4 Stage four: Tai-Khmer bilingual level (c. A.D. 1350-1550) -- 5.5 Stage five: speech-level differentiation and royal language (1350-1550) -- 6. Residual issues -- 7. Conclusion -- MILLERS AND MULLERSTHE ARCHAEO-LINGUISTIC STRATIGRAPHY OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN HOLOCENE AUSTRALIA -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Uses of the term linguistic stratigraphy -- 1.1 Strata in geology and archaeology -- 1.2 'Strata' in historical linguistics -- 1.3 The conception of linguistic stratigraphy used by Ehret -- 1.4 The stratigraphy of diffusion -- 2. Linguistic stratigraphy in Australia -- 2.1 Subsection terms and lenition in the northwest -- 3. The ethnography and archaeology of seed-grinding in Australia -- 3.1 Seed-grinding and desert archaeology -- 3.2 Types of seed-grinding implements -- 3.3 Ideas about origins -- 4. Seed-grinders and linguistic prehistory -- 4.1 Muller terminology.

5. The stratigraphy of mara + suffix -- 5.1 The *r > rl change in proto-Ngumpin-Yapa -- 5.2 The suffix -ngu > -ng -- 6. Conclusions -- 6.1 Throwing spears and 'throwing' grass seed -- LOANWORD STRATA IN ROTUMAN -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Loans from English -- 2.1 English or Pidgin English -- 2.2 The phonology of English loans -- 3. Contacts with neighboring languages -- 3.1 The Age of Discovery -- 3.2 The period of the Christian Mission -- 3.3 Fijian as a source of loanwords -- 4. Borrowings from Polynesian languages -- 4.1 Direct and indirect inheritance -- 4.2 Several Polynesian strata in Rotuman -- 4.3 Borrowings from Tongic -- 4.4 Borrowings from other Polynesian languages -- 5. Extent and semantic fields of borrowing -- 5.1 The extent of borrowing -- 5.2 Semantic fields of the loanwords -- 6. Conclusion -- 6.1 Lexical change in Rotuman -- 6.2 Polynesian influences on Rotuman -- SUBSTRATUM AND ADSTRATUM IN PREHISTORIC JAPANESE -- 1. The Korean-Japanese hypothesis -- 2. The role of internal reconstruction -- 3. Lexical strata -- 4. Relevance -- UTO-AZTECAN IN THE LINGUISTIC STRATIGRAPHY OF MESOAMERICAN PREHISTORY -- 0.Introduction -- 1. Uto-Aztecan word structure as an etymological tool -- 2. Calques and vultures -- 2.1 Nahuatl *co-. -- 2.2*puI*pi "face, eye" -- 2.3 *-ra'a-wi or *-ra-wi -- 3. Sacred excrement, precious metal -- 4. Loanword evidence -- 4.1 Loanwords with Uto-Aztecan etymologies -- 4.2 Mesoamerican terms possibly coming from Nahuatl or more generally from Uto-Aztecan. -- 5. Conclusion -- LANGUAGE INDEX.