A THEORY OF SYNTAX FOR SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Acknowledgements -- An invitation -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- 1 Systemic Functional Linguistics as a major current theory of language -- 2 What this book is about -- 3 The book's two parts -- 4 The relationship of the new proposals to Halliday's representations of structure -- Preface to the 2010 paperback edition -- A selected bibliography 2001-2011 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The scope and purposes of this book -- 1.2 What is "a modern, large-scale systemic functional grammar"? -- 1.3 The structure of the book -- Part 1: Prolegomenon to the theory -- 2. SFL's original theory of syntax: Scale and Category Grammar -- 2.1 The impact on Linguistics of Halliday's "Categories" (1961) -- 2.2 Levels of language in "Categories" -- 2.3 The categories in "Categories" -- 2.4 The scales in "Categories" -- 2.5 The rarity of structural representations in "Categories" terms -- 2.6 Some later additions to the S&C model: 'parataxis' and 'hypotaxis', 'depth' and 'type' -- 2.6.1 'Parataxis' and 'hypotaxis' -- 2.6.2 'Depth' in layers of structure -- 2.6.3 The concept of 'type' of unit -- 2.7 Forward from the Scale and Category model -- 3. The place of syntaxin a modern Systemic Functional Grammar -- 3.1 'Form' and 'meaning' -- 3.2 'Language' and 'text' as 'potential' and 'instance' -- 3.3 'Paradigmatic' and 'syntagmatic' relations -- 3.4 Why a systemic functional theory of syntax is not an 'autonomous' theory of syntax -- 4. Halliday's later changes to the Scale and Category model -- 4.1 The status of the changes: addition, evolution or revolution? -- 4.2 Privileging the concept of 'system' -- 4.3 Systems as choice between meanings -- 4.4 The emergence of the multifunctional view of meaning.

4.5 The problem of the limited availability of Halliday's system networks -- 4.6 The problem of Halliday's two positions on 'meaning' -- 4.7 Two possible effects on the overall model of adopting the second position on 'meaning' -- 4.8 Why a SFL model of language requires a separate component for the realization rules -- 4.9 A pivotal paper: "Text as semantic choice in social context" -- 4.10 Summary: the implications of the changes -- 5. Syntax in a generative systemic functional grammar -- 5.1 "Systemic theory" (1993) and related works -- 5.2 The 'theoretical-generative' and 'text-descriptive' strands of work in Systemic Functional Linguistics -- 5.3 The "basic concepts" of "Systemic theory" -- 5.4 A summary of the differences between "Categories" and "Systemic theory" -- 5.5 The common ground between the Sydney and the Cardiff Grammars -- 6. The major concepts of An Introduction to Functional Grammar -- 6.1 Preview of this chapter -- 6.2 In search of the "basic concepts" of IFG -- 6.2.1 The evidence from the opening chapters -- 6.2.2 The evidence from the index and the main text -- 6.3 Summary of the differences between "Categories" and IFG -- 6.4 The significance of the contrast in the concepts of "Systemic theory" and IFG -- 6.5 The need for theories of both 'syntax potential' and 'instances of syntax' -- 6.6 Summary of the argument so far -- 7. The problem of the representations in IFG (and an alternative approach) -- 7.1 Levels of language and the representation of the multifunctional nature of language: two questions -- 7.1.1 Two questions to ask about the representations in IFG -- 7.1.2 The 'scale of availability' of a theory -- 7.1.3 How this chapter will approach the problem -- 7.2 The representation of a text-sentence in IFG -- 7.3 The IFG representations in relation to other possible levels of representation.

7.3.1 Three sub-questions and the issues that they raise -- 7.3.2 The desirability of having two levels of representation -- 7.3.3 Why there are no systemic representations in IFG -- 7.3.4 A summary of the argument so far -- 7.3.5 Where should we show the multifunctional nature of language? -- 7.3.6 The key question -- 7.4 How the Sydney Grammar works: the two models and their implications -- 7.4.1 The supposed version: the 'structure conflation' model of IFG -- 7.4.2 The 'implemented version: the 'element conflation' model of "Systemic theory" and Matthiessen & Bateman (1991) -- 7.4.3 The evidence from the computer implementation of the model -- 7.4.4 A summary so far -- 7.4.5 Implications for the theoretical status of the IFG representations -- 7.5 The status of IFG-style representations -- 7.5.1 The current value of IFG-style representations -- 7.5.2 How the IFG-style representations have acquired their current status in the theory -- 7.6 The availability of Sydney Grammar descriptions of English -- 7.7 Summary of the answers to the two questions -- 7.8 An alternative approach: the two levels of representation in the Cardiff Grammar -- 7.9 The alternative ways of representing functional structure in the analysis of a text -- 7.10 The need for a theory of syntax for SFL: the argument summarized -- 7.11 The implications of the argument -- 8. "Some proposals for systemic syntax" -- 8.1 The situation in Systemic Functional Linguistics at the time of Fawcett's "Some proposals" (1974-6 and 1981) -- 8.2 The purpose of "Some proposals" -- 8.3 The 'categories' of "Some proposals" -- 8.4 The 'relationships' of "Some proposals" -- 8.5 The role of "Some proposals" in developing a modern SF theory of syntax -- Part 2: The New Theory -- 9. A theory of syntax potential -- 9.1 Towards a new theory of syntax for systemic functional grammar.

9.1.1 How "new" is the new theory? -- 9.1.2 The need for a theory of both 'syntax potential' and 'instances of syntax' -- 9.1.3 Relevant sources -- 9.1.4 The original questions revisited -- 9.2 Syntax potential as both realization operations and potential structures -- 9.2.1 The major types of realization operation -- 9.2.2 Potential structures -- 9.2.3 A comparison of the realization operations in the two frameworks -- 9.3 A theory of instances of syntax: the plan of the rest of Part 2 -- 10. A theory of instances of syntax: (1) the categories of syntax -- 10.1 A model without a 'rank scale' of 'units' -- 10.1.1 The concepts of 'unit' and 'rank' -- 10.1.2 The remaining traces of the concept of a 'rank scale' of 'units' -- 10.2 Classes of unit -- 10.2.1 The general concept of 'class of unit' -- 10.2.2 Criteria for recognizing classes of unit -- 10.2.3 The clause -- 10.2.4 The four classes of 'group' -- 10.2.5 The nominal group -- 10.2.6 The prepositional group -- 10.2.7 The quality group -- 10.2.8 The quantity group -- 10.2.9 Relationships between two major classes of unit and their 'higher' equivalents -- 10.2.10 The concept of 'cluster' -- 10.2.11 The genitive cluster -- 10.2.12 The 'name' clusters -- 10.3 Elements of structure -- 10.3.1 The basic principle -- 10.3.2 Some exceptions to the basic principle -- 10.3.3 What is the relationship between elements in a unit? -- 10.3.4 Are 'secondary structures' (a) necessary and/or (b) desirable? -- 10.3.5 Summary of the discussion of 'element of structure' -- 10.4 Places and potential structures -- 10.4.1 The need for the category of 'place' -- 10.4.2 Alternative ways to locate an element in its place -- 10.4.3 Potential structures -- 10.4.4 The key role of 'place' in handling 'raising' phenomena -- 10.5 Items, the concept of 'word class' and morphology -- 10.5.1 Items.

10.5.2 Words and morphemes as elements of clauses -- 10.5.3 The concept of'word class' -- 10.6 Summary of the categories in a modern systemic functional grammar -- 11. A theory of instances of syntax: (2) the relationships between categories -- 11.1 Towards a 'non-rank' view of 'constituency' -- 11.2 Filling probabilities as a replacement for 'rank' -- 11.2.1 The principle concepts of the alternative approach -- 11.2.2 The two types of probabilities in filling -- 11.2.3 The source of the probabilities given in Appendix B -- 11.3 Componence -- 11.4 Conflation -- 11.5 Filling -- 11.6 Exponence and depth of exponence -- 11.6.1 The concept of exponence -- 11.6.2 Variation in depth of exponence -- 11.6.3 Exponence added to componence, conflation and filling -- 11.7 Continuous and discontinuous relationships between 'sister' elements -- 11.8 Recursion: co-ordination, embedding and reiteration -- 11.8.1 The general concept of 'recursion' -- 11.8.2 The recursion of co-ordination -- 11.8.3 The recursion of embedding -- 11.8.4 Embedding as a contribution to the richness of 'depth' in syntax -- 11.8.5 Halliday's position on 'rank shift' and 'embedding' -- 11.8.6 The recursion of reiteration -- 11.9 How embedding and co-ordination can replace 'hypotaxis' and 'parataxis' -- 11.10 Summary of the relationships between categories in a modern systemic functional grammar -- 12. Summaries, conclusions and prospects -- 12.1 Introduction to the summaries: two models or one? -- 12.2 The categories of syntax: a summary and comparison -- 12.3 The relationships of syntax: a summary and comparison -- 12.4 A comparison of the two frameworks as integrated wholes -- 12.5 'Autonomous syntax', 'grammatically' and 'probability' -- 12.6 The importance of clear and usable representations.

12.7 A final evaluation of the significance of "Categories" for a modern systemic functional grammar.