Languages in Contact -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- List of tables -- List of figures -- Introduction -- 1. Uriel Weinreich and Languages in Contact -- 2. Before Languages in Contact: Weinreich's dissertation and fieldwork in Switzerland -- 3. Multilingualism and language contact in Switzerland since 1951 -- 4. The present edition -- References -- Foreword to the original -- 1. Definition of bilingualism -- 2. Purpose and scope of this study -- Acknowledgments -- Note on terminology and abbreviations -- part i -- General research problems -- The bilingual individual -- 1.1. Psychological and neurological theories of bilingualism -- 1.2. Characterizing and measuring bilingualism -- 1.2.1 Relative proficiency -- 1.2.2 Degree of specialization in function of the languages -- 1.2.3 Attitude toward the languages -- 1.2.4 Manner of learning -- 1.2.5 Difference between the languages -- 1.3. Effects of bilingualism -- 1.3.1 Effects on language-learning performance -- 1.3.2 Effects on intelligence -- 1.3.3 Effect on group identification -- 1.3.4 Effects on character formation and emotional adjustment -- 1.4. Educational problems of bilingualism -- Patterns of bilingual communities -- 2.1. Individuals in a bilingual community -- 2.1.1 Bilingual environments -- 2.1.2 Levels of use -- 2.2. Language patterns of bilingual groups -- 2.2.1 Division of functions of the languages -- 2.2.2 Intermediate languages -- 2.2.3 Stratification of bilingual communities -- 2.2.4 Available and needed research -- 2.3. Changing language patterns -- 2.3.1 Language shifts with and without migration -- 2.3.2 Total and partial language shift -- 2.4. Spatial aspects of bilingual communities -- 2.4.1 Bilingual fringe and monolingual bulk -- 2.4.2 Language borders -- 2.5. Sources on various types of bilingual communities -- 2.5.1 Statistics -- 2.5.2 Language maps.

2.5.3 Other surveys -- Linguistic problems of bilingualism -- 3.1. Theoretical questions -- 3.1.1 Difference between languages -- 3.1.2 Linguistic theory of bilingualism -- 3.1.3 Borrowing in speech vs. borrowed elements in language -- 3.2. Interference and borrowing in various domains of language -- 3.2.1 Phonetic aspects -- 3.2.1.1 Perception of foreign sounds -- 3.2.1.2 Phonemic under- and overdifferentiation -- 3.2.1.3 Diffusion of phonetic fashions -- 3.2.1.4 Phonetic treatment of borrowed words -- 3.2.2 Morphological aspects -- 3.2.2.1 Structural resistance to mixture of morphological patterns (categorical loans) -- 3.2.2.2 Imitation of analytically expressed categories -- 3.2.2.3 Borrowing of bound morphemes -- 3.2.2.4 Morphological treatment of borrowed words -- 3.2.3 Syntactic aspects -- 3.2.4 Lexical aspects -- 3.2.4.1 Mechanisms of borrowing and interference -- 3.2.4.2 Reasons for borrowing -- 3.2.4.3 Preferences as to parts of speech -- 3.2.4.4 Lexical integration of borrowed words -- 3.2.5 Relative amount of borrowing in the various domains -- 3.3. Differences in total amount of borrowing -- 3.3.1 Individual differences -- 3.3.2 Type of bilingualism -- 3.3.3 Monolingual or bilingual interlocutors -- 3.3.4 Structural resistance to borrowing -- 3.3.5 Cultural resistance to borrowing -- 3.4. Bilingualism, substratum, and convergent development -- 3.4.1 The problem of direction -- 3.4.2 Bearing of bilingualism on substratum -- 3.4.3 Adstratum and language affinities -- 3.4.4 Parallelisms in coterritorial languages -- part II -- Bilingualism in Switzerland: Cultural setting and linguistic effects -- Switzerland as a quadrilingual country -- 4.1. Distribution of the languages -- 4.1.1 Number of speakers and language territories -- 4.1.2 The language borders -- 4.1.2.1 German-French -- 4.1.2.2 German-Italian -- 4.1.2.3 Italian-Romansh.

4.1.2.4 German-Romansh -- 4.1.2.5 Revised view of language territories -- 4.1.2.6 The language borders as culture borders -- 4.2. The administration of Switzerland as a quadrilingual country -- 4.2.1 The federal government -- 4.2.1.1 Constitution -- 4.2.1.2 Centralized federal agencies -- 4.2.1.3 Decentralized federal agencies -- 4.2.1.4 Personal language rights -- 4.2.1.5 Commitment to integrity of language territories -- 4.2.2 Cantonal governments -- 4.2.2.1 Cantonal language sovereignty -- 4.2.2.2 Practices of the multilingual cantons -- 4.2.3 Communal administration -- Intralingual relations -- 5.1. German: Standard German and Schwyzertütsch -- 5.1.1 Characteristics of Schwyzertütsch -- 5.1.1.1 Definition -- 5.1.1.2 Regional differentiation -- 5.1.1.3 Social differentiation -- 5.1.2 Language patterns of German Switzerland -- 5.1.2.1 The language of spoken discourse -- 5.1.2.2 The language of written discourse -- 5.1.2.3 Educational implications of German-Swiss bilingualism -- 5.1.2.4 Prestige of Schwyzertütsch -- 5.1.2.5 Attempts to broaden the functions of Schwyzertütsch -- 5.1.3 Linguistic effects of German-Swiss bilingualism -- 5.1.3.1 Dialectal influences upon Standard German: Compromises with the dialect -- 5.1.3.2 Impact of Standard German on the dialect -- 5.2. Romance -- 5.2.1 Standard French and patois -- 5.2.1.1 The Swiss patois -- 5.2.1.2 Introduction of Standard French -- 5.2.1.3 Patois writing -- 5.2.1.4 Efforts to preserve the patois -- 5.2.1.5 Linguistic effects of patois-French bilingualism: Provincial French -- 5.2.2 Standard Italian, Common Lombardic, and local dialects -- 5.2.2.1 Ticino -- 5.2.2.2 Grisons -- 5.2.3 The problem of Standard Romansh -- part III -- French and German: A case of stable, long-term language contact -- French-German bilingualism -- 6.1. The malaise romand: French Swiss intellectuals as a minority.

6.2. Distribution of German-French bilingualism -- 6.2.1 At the language border -- 6.2.2 Bilingual populations inside French territory -- 6.3. Linguistic effects of bilingualism -- 6.3.1 Vocabulary -- 6.3.2 Grammar -- 6.3.3 Phonetics -- Case study -- 7.1. The area and its population -- 7.2. Language patterns of the area -- 7.2.1 Predominantly German communes -- 7.2.2 Strongly mixed communes -- 7.2.3 Communes with strong German minorities -- 7.2.4 Communes with small German minorities -- 7.3. Language and religion -- 7.4. Organization of schools -- 7.5. Organization of churches -- 7.6. Administrative activities -- 7.7. Language life of a highly mixed village -- 7.8. Diachronic view of the language pattern -- 7.8.1 Changes in the communes -- 7.8.2 Stability of the language pattern -- The linguistic effects of bilingualism in Fribourg -- 8.1. Nature of bilingualism -- 8.2. Social control of mixture -- 8.2.1 Incidental speech mixture -- 8.2.2 Habitualized or language mixture -- 8.3. Phonetic influences -- 8.3.1 The sound system of French (Faoug and Wallenried) -- 8.3.2 The sound system of Schwyzertütsch (Wallenried) -- 8.3.3 Comparison of sound systems -- 8.4. Morphological influences -- 8.5. Syntactic influences -- 8.6. Lexical influences -- 8.7. The interviews -- German-Romansh bilingualism -- 9.1. The receding Romansh language territory -- 9.2. The growing necessity for knowing German -- 9.3. Manner of learning German -- 9.4. Prestige of Romansh -- 9.4.1 Mother-tongue prestige -- 9.4.2 Social prestige -- 9.4.3 Utility value -- 9.4.4 Cultural prestige -- 9.5. Linguistic effects of German-Romansh bilingualism -- 9.5.1 Vocabulary -- 9.5.2 Grammar -- 9.5.3 Phonetics -- Case study -- 10.1. The area and its population -- 10.2. Language patterns of the area -- 10.2.1 Population according to mother-tongue -- 10.2.2 Extent of bilinguality.

10.2.3 Reasons for bilinguality of the Romansh segment -- 10.2.4 Inequality of the languages -- 10.2.4.1 Local Romansh considered an inferior language -- 10.2.4.2 Romansh in school -- 10.2.4.3 Romansh in church -- 10.2.4.4 Romansh press, books, and radio -- 10.2.4.5 Romansh in administration -- 10.2.4.6 Lack of "counterprestige" -- 10.3. The language shift -- 10.3.1 Diachronic view: Changing proportions of mother-tongue segments -- 10.3.2 Synchronic view: Knowledge of Romansh by age groups -- 10.3.3 Language shift in the family -- 10.3.3.1 At what age does one make the shift? -- 10.3.3.2 How common are mixed families? -- 10.3.3.3 How is children's language determined by parents? -- 10.3.4 Linguistic non-acculturation of newcomers -- 10.3.5 Rationalized motives for retaining Romansh -- Reversing language shift -- 11.1. Realization of the danger -- 11.2. Standardization of the Sutsilvan dialects -- 11.2.1 Orthography -- 11.2.2 Overcoming grammatical divergences -- 11.2.3 Filling gaps in the vocabulary -- 11.3. Putting the standardized language to use -- 11.3.1 Sutsilvan literature -- 11.3.2 Sutsilvan in church -- 11.3.3 Sutsilvan in the press -- 11.3.4 Sutsilvan in the theater -- 11.3.5 Sutsilvan on the radio -- 11.3.6 Sutsilvan in the administration -- 11.4. Romansh kindergartens -- 11.5. Proposal for a language conservation law -- 11.6. A broad plan for revitalizing the Romansh Sutselva -- 11.7. Reactions to the intervention program -- Reversing language shift -- 11.1. Realization of the danger -- 11.2. Standardization of the Sutsilvan dialects -- 11.2.1 Orthography -- 11.2.2 Overcoming grammatical divergences -- 11.2.3 Filling gaps in the vocabulary -- 11.3. Putting the standardized language to use -- 11.3.1 Sutsilvan literature -- 11.3.2 Sutsilvan in church -- 11.3.3 Sutsilvan in the press -- 11.3.4 Sutsilvan in the theater.

11.3.5 Sutsilvan on the radio.