Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword - Transplant Dermatology: Skin Disease in Organ Transplant Recipients -- Foreword - ''Life is a Matter of Balance'' -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section One TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY: AN EVOLVING DYNAMIC FIELD -- 1 Introduction to Transplant Dermatology -- INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION AND SKIN CANCER -- HISTORY OF TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- ORGANIZATIONS IN TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- THE CHALLENGE -- REFERENCES -- Section Two TRANSPLANT MEDICINE AND DERMATOLOGY -- 2 The History of Organ Transplantation -- REFERENCES -- 3 The Development of Modern Immunosuppressive Medications -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERALL STRATEGY FOR SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION -- TODAY - CURRENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION -- Corticosteroids -- Antiproliferative Agents - Azathioprine and Mycophenolate -- Calcineurin Inhibitors - Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus -- mTOR Inhibitors - Sirolimus and Everolimus -- Biological Agents -- OKT3 -- Thymoglobulin and Other Polyclonal Anti-Lymphocyte Antibodies -- Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) -- Anti-Interleukin-2 Receptor (CD25) Antibodies - Basiliximab and Daclizumab -- TOMORROW - THE PIPELINE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Organ Transplantation: Current Status and Practice -- OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- RECENT TRENDS IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT NUMBERS AND SURVIVAL RATES -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT PRACTICE -- THE FUTURE OF SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- REFERENCES -- 5 The Immunology of Transplantation and Allograft Rejection -- OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATUS OF TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY -- THE INNATE IMMUNE AXIS -- Localized Release of Proinflammatory Mediators -- Transplant-Specific Considerations.

Recruitment of Inflammatory Cell Populations -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- Uptake of Antigenic Material and Maturation of Antigen Presenting Cells -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- COGNATE CELLULAR IMMUNITY - THE DENDRITIC CELL/T-CELL AXIS -- The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Antigen Presentation to T-cells -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- T-cell Costimulation -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- T-cell Differentiation, Effector Function and Memory -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- COGNATE HUMORAL IMMUNITY - THE B-CELL/ANTIBODY/COMPLEMENT AXIS -- Primary B-Cell Responses and B-Cell Memory -- Natural Antibodies -- Antibody Effector Functions -- Transplant-Specific Considerations -- IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE -- Central T-Cell Tolerance -- Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance -- B-Cell Tolerance -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Allograft-Specific Considerations in Transplant Dermatology -- KIDNEY -- Patient Demographics -- Population -- Age -- Recipient Ethnicity -- Gender -- Effect of End Organ Disease on Skin Cancer Incidence -- Overall Effect on Skin Cancer/Skin Disease -- Alternative Therapies -- Donor Population -- Immunogenicity of Allografts -- Immunosuppressive Regimens -- Carcinopermissiveness of Regimens -- Risk of Rejection -- Ability to Reduce Immunosuppression -- Consequences of Rejection/allograft Loss -- LIVER -- Patient Demographics -- Population -- Age -- Recipient Ethnicity -- Gender -- Effect of End Organ Disease on Skin Cancer Incidence -- Overall Effect on Skin Cancer/Skin Disease -- Donor Population -- Immunogenicity of Allografts -- Immunosuppressive Regimens -- Carcinopermissiveness of Regimens -- Risk of Rejection -- Ability to Reduce Immunosuppression -- Consequences of Rejection/Allograft Loss -- HEART/LUNG -- Patient Demographics -- Population -- Age -- Recipient Ethnicity -- Gender.

Effect of End Organ Disease on Skin Cancer Incidence -- Overall Effect on Skin Cancer/Skin Disease -- Immunogenicitiy of Allografts -- Immunosuppressive Regimens -- Carcinopermissiveness of Regimens -- Risk of Rejection -- Ability to Reduce Immunosuppression -- Consequences of Rejection/Allograft Loss -- PANCREAS -- Patient Demographics -- Population -- Age -- Recipient Ethnicity -- Gender -- Overall Effect on Skin Cancer/Skin Disease -- Alternative Therapies -- Immunogenicity of Allografts -- Immunosuppressive Regimens -- Carcinopermissiveness of Regimens -- Risk of Rejection -- Ability to Reduce Immunosuppression -- Consequences of Rejection/Allograft Loss -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Dermatologic Disease from the Transplant Perspective -- MEDICAL CARE OF SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS AND THE TIME COURSE OF TRANSPLANT-RELATED COMPLICATIONS -- AWARENESS OF DERMATOLOGIC DISEASE DURING POSTTRANSPLANT MEDICAL CARE -- PROSPECTS FOR INCREASED COLLABORATION BETWEEN TRANSPLANT PHYSICIANS AND DERMATOLOGISTS -- REFERENCES -- Section Three PATHOGENIC FACTORS IN TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- 8 Basic Scientific Mechanisms of Accelerated Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Organ Transplant Recipients -- INTRODUCTION -- ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION -- P53 -- CDKN2A AND P16 -- RAS ONCOGENE AND HUMAN CUTANEOUS SCC -- NF-kB -- WNT SIGNALING AND SCC -- PTN AND SCC -- HPV -- PROTEASES AND PROTEASE INHIBITORS -- SCC AND THE LOCAL IMMUNE MICROENVIRONMENT -- DIRECT EFFECTS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Pathogenic Factors Involving Infections in Transplant Dermatology -- INTRODUCTION -- SKIN AS A BARRIER TO INFECTION -- TYPES OF SKIN INFECTION -- 1. Primary Skin Infections with Common True Pathogens -- 2. Unusually Widespread Cutaneous Infection -- 3. Opportunistic Primary Cutaneous Infection.

4. Systemic Infection Metastatic to Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Sites -- CONSIDERATIONS OF TIME FRAME FOR INFECTIONS IN THE SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT PATIENT -- DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS OF SKIN INFECTIONS IN THE COMPROMISED PATIENT -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Section Four CUTANEOUS EFFECTS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MEDICATIONS -- 10 Cutaneous Effects of Immunosuppressive Medications -- INTRODUCTION -- CORTICOSTEROIDS -- Cushing's syndrome -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- Prevention -- Steroid Acne -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- Prevention -- Striae -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- Prevention -- Cutaneous fragility and ecchymosis -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- Prevention -- CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS -- CYCLOSPORINE -- Hirsutism -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Sebaceous hyperplasia -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Gingival Hyperplasia -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- TACROLIMUS -- Alopecia -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- ANTIMETABOLITES -- AZATHIOPRINE -- MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL -- SIROLIMUS -- Impaired wound healing -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Acne / folliculitis -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Edema -- Clinical Presentation -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- RELATIVE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN CANCER -- Corticosteroids -- Azathioprine -- Cyclosporine -- Tacrolimus -- Mycophenolate mofetil -- Sirolimus -- REFERENCES -- Section Five INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN IN TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- 11 Bacterial Diseases in Organ Transplant Recipients -- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS -- BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS -- GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI.

Vibrio Vulnificus -- Bacillary Angiomatosis -- Nocardiosis -- REFERENCES -- 12 Fungal Diseases in Organ Transplant Recipients -- FUNGAL SKIN INFECTION IN ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS - EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT -- Introduction -- Types of fungal infections -- Classical Fungal Skin Infections -- Opportunistic Infections -- Rare Fungal Infections, Including Endemic Mycoses -- Diagnosis -- Therapy -- REFERENCES -- 13 Viral Diseases in Organ Transplant Recipients -- HERPETOVIRIDAE (HUMAN HERPES VIRUSES) -- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) -1 AND -2 -- VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) -- EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) -- CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) -- HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-8 (HHV-8) -- MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS (MCV) -- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 Mycobacterial Diseases in Organ Transplant Recipients -- MYCOBACTERIAL SKIN INFECTION IN ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS - EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT -- Epidemiology -- Clinical manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- REFERENCES -- Section Six BENIGN AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES IN TRANSPLANT DERMATOLOGY -- 15 The Effects of Transplantation on Preexisting Dermatoses -- INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS -- Alopecia Areata (AA) -- Atopic Eczema (AE) -- Psoriasis -- Miscellaneous inflammatory conditions -- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) -- Epidemiology -- Associated Features -- Clinicopathologic Findings -- Management -- REFERENCES -- 16 Porokeratosis in Organ Transplant Recipients -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL FEATURES -- PATHOGENESIS -- POROKERATOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- POROKERATOSIS AND MALIGNANCY -- REFERENCES -- 17 Benign Cutaneous Neoplasms in Organ Transplant Recipients -- INTRODUCTION -- KERATINOCYTE TUMORS -- Squamous cell papillomas, verrucal keratoses -- Seborrheic Keratoses -- Epidermoid cysts -- APPENDAGEAL TUMORS.

Sebaceous gland hyperplasia (SGH).