Pediatric Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disorders, THIRD EDITION -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Chapter 1: Overview: History, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors -- TERMINOLOGY -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- INCIDENCE OF CHILDHOOD STROKE -- Perinatal Stroke Incidence -- Venous Sinus Thrombosis -- Geographic and Ethnic Factors -- Validity of Incidence Data -- RISK FACTORS OF PEDIATRIC STROKE -- Common Risk Factors -- Unexplained Stroke -- RECURRENCE RISK AND OUTCOME -- Arterial Ischemic Stroke -- Hemorrhagic Stroke -- Venous Sinus Thrombosis -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: Development of the Cerebral Vasculature -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM -- THE ARTERIAL CIRCULATION AT TERM -- COLLATERAL CIRCULATION -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM -- THE MATURE VENOUS SYSTEM -- ANATOMIC VARIATIONS -- Carotid Artery Anomalies -- Anomalies of the Cerebral Arteries -- Vertebro-Basilar Anomalies -- Venous Anomalies -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: Signs and Symptoms of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction -- CLINICAL PATTERNS OF VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION -- Cerebral Embolism -- Transient Ischemic Attacks -- Cerebral Thrombosis -- Intracerebral Hemorrhage -- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -- Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis -- Perinatal Infarction -- Seizures Associated With Stroke -- Cognitive Impairment -- CAROTID ARTERY SYNDROMES -- Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion -- Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- Basal Ganglia and Lacunar Infarction -- VERTEBROBASILAR SYNDROMES -- Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- "Top of the Basilar" Syndrome -- Medullary Syndromes -- Pontine Syndromes -- Mesencephalic Syndromes -- Subclavian Steal Syndrome -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: Diagnostic Approach to Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disease.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS -- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF VASCULAR LESIONS -- Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Magnetic Resonance Angiography -- Cranial Ultrasound -- Catheter Angiography -- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography -- Cardiac Evaluation -- Lumbar Puncture -- Uncommon Disorders -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: Cerebral Embolism -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION -- ETIOLOGY OF EMBOLISM -- Congenital Cardiac Lesions -- Acquired Cardiac Disorders -- Endocarditis -- Cardiac Tumors -- Paradoxical Embolism -- Pulmonary Disorders -- Embolism After Trauma -- Artery-to-Artery Embolism -- Fat Embolism -- Air Embolism -- Decompression Sickness -- LABORATORY EVALUATION -- Neuroimaging -- Cardiac Evaluation -- Lumbar Puncture -- Angiographic Techniques -- PATHOLOGY -- TREATMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: Hematologic Disorders and Neoplasms -- SICKLE CELL DISEASE -- Frequency of Stroke With SCD -- Clinical Features of Stroke Related to SCD -- Hemorrhage With SCD -- Heterozygous Sickle Hemoglobin -- Other Hemoglobinopathies -- Diagnostic Assessment of SCD -- Pathophysiology of Stroke Due to SCD -- Treatment of SCD -- THALASSEMIA -- RED BLOOD CELL DISODERS -- Polycythemia -- Anemia -- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria -- PLATELET DISORDERS -- Thrombocytopenia -- Isoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura -- Treatment-Induced Thrombocytopenia -- Neonatal Thrombocytopenia -- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura -- Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome -- Thrombocytosis -- Qualitative Platelet Disorders -- NEOPLASMS -- Hemorrhage With Neoplasm -- Delayed Stroke in Childhood Cancer Survivors -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: Coagulation Disorders -- THROMBOPHILIC STATES -- Age-Related Coagulation Changes -- Antithrombin Deficiency -- Protein C Deficiency -- Protein S Deficiency -- Factor V Leiden and Activated Protein C Resistance -- Prothrombin Mutation.

Hyperhomocysteinemia and MTHFR Deficiency -- Antiphospholipid Antibodies -- Lipoprotein A -- Dysfibrinogenemia -- Pregnancy -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- HEMORRHAGIC COAGULOPATHY -- Hemophilia -- Von Willebrand Disease -- Vitamin K Deficiency -- Anticoagulant Medications -- Hepatic Dysfunction -- Maternal Medications -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: Moyamoya and Other Vasculopathies -- MOYAMOYA -- Incidence and Distribution of Moyamoya -- Diagnostic Criteria for Moyamoya -- Clinical Features of Moyamoya -- Diagnosis of Moyamoya -- Pathology of Moyamoya -- Genetics of Moyamoya Disease -- Treatment of Moyamoya -- VASCULOPATHY AFTER RADIOTHERAPY -- Clinical Features -- Pathology -- Treatment -- IDIOPATHIC FOCAL CEREBRAL ARTERIOPATHY -- Clinical Features of Focal Arteriopathy -- Imaging of Focal Arteriopathy -- Treatment of Focal Arteriopathy -- FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA -- Incidence and Distribution -- Clinical Features of FMD -- Diagnosis of FMD -- Pathology of FMD -- Management of FMD -- PHACE SYNDROME -- Cutaneous Features of PHACE -- Vasculopathy of PHACE Syndrome -- Other PHACE Anomalies -- MALIGNANT ATROPHIC PAPULOSIS (DEGOS DISEASE) -- Clinical Features of MAP -- Imaging of MAP -- Pathology of MAP -- Treatment of MAP -- ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis in Children -- Treatment of Familial Hyperlipidemias -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: Stroke Due to Vasculitis -- INTRACRANIAL INFECTIONS -- Bacterial Meningitis -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Infective Embolism -- Tuberculous Meningitis -- Fungal Infection -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- Varicella Infection -- SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS -- Mycoplasma Infection -- Pharyngeal Infections -- Neuroborreliosis (Lyme Disease) -- Cat-Scratch Disease -- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -- Cysticercosis -- AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS -- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Other Connective Tissue Diseases -- TAKAYASU ARTERITIS -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis of Takayasu Arteritis -- Pathology of Takayasu Arteritis -- Treatment of Takayasu Arteritis -- WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Findings -- Pathologic Findings of Wegener Granulomatosis -- Treatment of Wegener Granulomatosis -- POLYARTERITIS NODOSA -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Findings -- Pathologic Findings -- Management and Prognosis -- KAWASAKI DISEASE -- HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA -- PRIMARY CEREBRAL ARTERITIS -- Clinical Features -- Diagnostic Evaluation -- Pathologic Findings -- Treatment and Prognosis -- SUSAC SYNDROME -- Signs and Symptoms of Susac Syndrome -- Diagnosis of Susac Syndrome -- Treatment of Susac Syndrome -- BEHÇET DISEASE -- MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF ARTERITIS -- Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity -- Sympathomimetic Agents -- Giant Cell Arteritis -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Paraneoplastic Vasculitis -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: Migraine and Alternating Hemiplegia -- MIGRAINE -- Neurological Signs and Symptoms -- Incidence of Migraine-Related Stroke -- Pathogenesis of Migrainous Stroke -- Diagnostic Criteria for Migrainous Stroke -- SYMPTOMATIC MIGRAINE -- Moyamoya Disease -- Susac Syndrome -- Retinal Vasospasm -- Arteriovenous Malformation -- Call-Fleming Syndrome -- CADASIL -- FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE -- Clinical Features of Familial Hemiplegic Migraine -- Genetics of Familial Hemiplegic Migraine -- ALTERNATING HEMIPLEGIA -- Clinical Features of Alternating Hemiplegia -- Genetic Basis of Alternating Hemiplegia -- Diagnostic Criteria for Alternating Hemiplegia -- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION -- Complications of Migraine -- Diagnosis of Alternating Hemiplegia -- TREATMENT -- Management of Migraine -- Treatment of Alternating Hemiplegia -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

CLINICAL FEATURES OF CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE -- RISK FACTORS FOR PARENCHYMAL HEMORRHAGE -- Arteriovenous Malformation -- Cavernous Malformations -- Thrombocytopenia -- Coagulopathy -- Brain Tumors -- Hemorrhage After Radiotherapy -- Hyperosmolarity -- Arterial Hypertension -- Drugs -- Infection -- Metabolic Disorders -- Hemorrhagic Infarction -- Hemorrhage After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis -- DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE -- TREATMENT OF BRAIN HEMORRHAGE -- Prognosis After Hemorrhagic Stroke -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12: Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -- SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE -- Clinical Features of SAH -- Perimesencephalic SAH -- Causes of SAH -- Grading of Aneurysmal SAH -- CLINICAL FEATURES OF ANEURYSMS -- Frequency of Aneurysms -- Manifestations of Aneurysm -- FAMILIAL INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS -- DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ANEURYSM -- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome -- Marfan Syndrome -- Coarctation of the Aorta -- Polycystic Kidney Disease -- Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- Neoplasm-Related Aneurysms -- INFECTIVE ANEURYSMS -- Pathophysiology of Infective Aneurysms -- Clinical Features of Infective Aneurysm -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- FUSIFORM ANEURYSMS -- PATHOLOGY OF ANEURYSMS -- Pathology of Saccular Aneurysms -- Pathogenesis of Saccular Aneurysms -- Infective Aneurysms -- Fusiform Aneurysms -- DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES -- Computed Tomography -- Computed Tomographic Angiography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Catheter Angiography -- Lumbar Puncture -- TREATMENT OF ANEURYSMS -- Supportive Therapy -- Vasospasm and Hydrocephalus -- Treatment of Infective Aneurysms -- Aneurysm Repair -- Fusiform Aneurysms -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13: Arteriovenous Malformations -- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AVM -- Age at Presentation -- Signs and Symptoms of AVM -- Predictors of AVM Bleeding -- Malformations in Neonates and Infants -- AVM AND GENETIC DISORDERS.

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease).