Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objective -- 1.3 Scope -- 1.4 Structure -- Part A: The scientific basis of risk attribution -- 2 Approaches to attributing health effects to occupational radiation exposure -- 2.1 Deterministic effects -- 2.1.1 Background -- 2.1.2 Dependence on cell killing -- 2.1.3 Threshold dose values for deterministic effects -- 2.2 Stochastic effects -- 2.2.1 Background -- 2.2.2 Assigned share (probability of causation) -- 2.2.3 Uncertainties -- 2.2.4 Estimation of assigned share for cancer -- 2.2.5 Practical examples -- Part B: Risk attribution-based compensation programmes -- 3 Approaches to assessment in risk attribution-based compensation programmes -- 3.1 Attributing deterministic effects -- 3.2 Attributing stochastic effects -- 4 Features of risk attribution-based compensation programmes -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 General features -- 4.2.1 Establishment of risk attribution-based compensation programmes -- 4.2.2 Population -- 4.2.3 Eligibility -- 4.2.4 Assessment criteria -- 4.2.5 Input data -- 4.2.6 Compensability -- 4.2.7 Settlement options -- 4.2.8 Administration -- 4.2.9 Funding of compensation schemes -- 5 Conclusions and recommendations -- Appendix A: Examples of compensation programmes -- A.1 The UK Compensation Scheme for Radiation-Linked Diseases -- A.1.1 Population -- A.1.2 Eligibility -- A.1.3 Assessment criteria -- A.1.4 Input data -- A.1.5 Compensability -- A.1.6 The approach to uncertainty -- A.1.7 Settlement value -- A.1.8 Summary of important features -- A.2 The US Department of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program -- A.2.1 Population -- A.2.2 Eligibility -- A.2.3 Assessment method -- A.2.4 Input data -- A.2.5 Compensability criteria -- A.2.6 Nature of compensation -- A.2.7 Summary of important features.

A.2.8 Other US programmes -- A.3 The Japanese compensation programme for atomic bomb survivors -- A.3.1 Population -- A.3.2 Eligibility -- A.3.3 Assessment criteria and methods -- A.3.4 Input data -- A.3.5 Compensability -- A.3.6 The approach to uncertainty -- A.3.7 Nature of compensation/settlement values -- A.4 The Russian Federation Compensation Scheme for Radiation-Linked Diseases -- A.4.1 Population -- A.4.2 Eligibility -- A.4.3 Assessment criteria -- A.4.4 Workers Exposed in Special Circumstances -- A.4.5 Radiation Workers -- A.4.6 Input data -- A.4.7 Compensability -- A.4.8 Settlement value -- A.4.9 Summary of important features: Workers Exposed in Special Circumstances -- A.4.10 Summary of important features: Radiation Workers -- A.5 The French compensation programme -- A.5.1 Origin of the compensation system and its principles -- A.5.2 Eligibility for diseases associated with ionizing radiation -- A.5.3 Population concerned -- A.5.4 Compensation statistics -- A.5.5 Extension towards attributability -- A.6 Legal provisions applicable to workers affected by occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in the Argentine Republic -- A.6.1 Introduction -- A.6.2 Legal system of compensation: Normative framework -- A.6.3 Objectives of the Act on Occupational Risks -- A.6.4 Compulsory and self-insurance -- A.6.5 Occupational illnesses and accidents covered -- A.6.6 Civil liability -- A.6.7 Procedural aspects -- A.6.8 Applicable nuclear regulatory norms -- A.6.9 Legal precedent -- A.6.10 Summary of important features -- Appendix B: Global average occupational exposure and average radiation dose from natural sources -- Appendix C: Biological indicators ("biological dosimetry") -- C.1 Introduction -- C.2 Techniques -- C.2.1 Dicentric chromosomes -- C.2.2 Micronuclei -- C.2.3 PCC (premature chromosome condensation) -- C.2.4 Reciprocal translocations.

C.2.5 EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance -- = ESR,electron spin resonance) -- C.2.6 γ-H2AX foci -- C.2.7 Comet assay -- C.3 Conclusions -- Appendix D: A quantitative uncertainty analysis approach to estimationof radiation-related risk -- D.1 Modelling of statistical risk estimates -- D.2 Correction for random and systematic errors in A-bomb survivor dosimetry -- D.3 Dependence of risk on dose and dose rate for low-LET radiation -- D.4 Adjustment for radiation quality -- D.5 Transfer of ERR from the Japanese to the US population -- D.6 Modification by epidemiological risk factors -- D.6.1 General formulation -- D.6.2 Breast cancer: Interaction of radiation and age at first full-term pregnancy -- D.6.3 Lung cancer: Interaction of radiation dose with smoking history -- D.6.4 Non-melanoma skin carcinoma: interactionbetween ionizing and ultraviolet radiation -- D.6.5 IREP -- Appendix E: The ASQRAD software -- E.1 General presentation of the calculation tool -- E.2 Example of application -- E.3 Concluding remarks -- Contributors to drafting and review -- References -- List of tables -- Table 2.1 Projected threshold estimates of the acute absorbed doses for 1 per cent incidences of morbidity and mortality involving adult human organs and tissues after whole-body gamma-ray exposures -- Table A.1 Assigned share and payment bands in the UK Compensation Scheme for Radiation-Linked Diseases -- Figure A.1 Uncertainty distribution in the probability of causation (PC) estimate for a male worker with leukaemia diagnosed at age 50 who was exposed to 110 mSv of high-energy photon exposure at age 40,calculated using NIOSH-IREP -- Table A.2 Male colon cancer: Example of probability of causation (%) -- Table A.3 PC values for various cancers (dose 50 cGy, ATB 12 years).

Table A.4 List of diseases defined as linked to the Chernobyl accident, the accident at the production association Mayak (1957) and dumps of radioactive waste products into the Techa River in the Russian Federation -- Table A.5 Occupational diseases defined as linked to radiation events in the Russian Federation (1999 Chernobyl List) -- Table A.6 Occupational diseases defined as linked to the Chernobyl accident in the Russian Federation in 1992-97 (1992 Chernobyl List) -- Table A.7 Occupational diseases defined as linked to the Chernobyl accident in the Russian Federation in 1997-99 (1997 Chernobyl List) -- Table A.8 Occupational diseases defined as radiation-linked in the Russian Federation -- Table A.9 List of diseases related to ionizing exposure eligible for recognition in the compensation system -- Table A.10 Evolution of compensated diseases related to ionizing radiation -- Table A.11 Type of radiation-induced diseases compensated in 2003 -- Table A.12 Agent: Ionizing radiation -- Table B.1 Occupational radiation exposures -- Table B.2. Average radiation dose from natural sources -- Table D.1 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv. Approach 1 as applied to specific solidcancer sites. -- Table D.2 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv. Likelihood profile distributions for α, obtained by approach 2 treatment of specific cancer for exposure age e ≥30 and attained age a ≥50: sites for which a lognormal approximation was not appropriate, and for which default values of γ and δ were used -- Table D.3 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv -- leukaemia other than chroniclymphocytic, combined genders. Likelihood profile distributions, by representative values for age at exposure and time since exposure -- Table D.4 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv.

Table D.5 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv. Likelihood profile distributions for non-melanoma skin cancer, both genders combined, and for basal cell carcinoma: exposure ages 0-10,20, 30, and 40 or older. -- Table D.6 Photons and electrons: Summary of probability distributions of radiation effectiveness factors to be used in estimating cancer risks and assigned shares in accordance with eq. (IV.H.1), (IV.H.3) or (IV.H.4) -- Table D.7 Computation of the uncertainty distribution for ERR at 1 Sv. Likelihood profile distributions α for cancers of the lung and female genital organs other than the ovary associated with exposureto low-LET radiation -- Table D.8 Factors for adjusting the lung cancer ERR1Sv for smoking status under the assumption of an additive interaction model -- Table D.9 Non-melanoma skin cancer incidence rates (cases per 100,000 per year) in the United States and Japan, by ethnicity (US) and gender (standardized age distribution of the 1970 US population -- List of figures -- Figure A.1 Uncertainty distribution in the probability of causation (PC) estimate for a male worker with leukaemia diagnosed at age 50 who was exposed to 110 mSv of high-energy photon exposure at age 40,calculated using NIOSH-IREP -- Figure D.1 Example: Gastric cancer risk at age 60 for a woman exposed to gamma radiation at age 32 -- Figure D.2 Example (female gastric cancer, continued): Effect of adjustment for dose reconstruction error -- Figure D.3 Variation of DDREF acute as a function of radiation dose for selected values of DDREF chronic for a fixed value of DL, the lowest dose at which linearity of dose response is assumed to apply -- Figure D.4 Example (female gastric cancer, continued): Effect of adjustment for uncertain DDREF.

Figure D.5 Example (female gastric cancer, continued): The radiation effectiveness factor for 30-250 keV photons is distributed according to a hybrid distribution that assigns 25% probability to one and 75% probability to a lognormally distributed random variable with GM 5½ and GSD 1.51.