Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wild Guesses in an Era of Scientific Ignorance -- 3 The Ancient World -- 4 Monotheistic Religious Interpretations -- 5 The Descriptive Embryology of Male and Female Development -- 6 The Discovery of the Egg in Higher Eukaryotes -- 7 The Discovery of Sperm in Higher Eukaryotes -- 8 The Discovery of Sex Hormones -- 9 Ploidy Levels and Sex Determination -- 10 The Discovery of Sex Chromosomes -- 11 The Balance Theory of Sex Determination -- 12 The Discovery of Sex in Microorganisms -- 13 The History and Interpretations of Hermaphrodites and Intersexes -- 14 Dosage Compensation and the Sex Chromosomes -- 15 The Discovery of Human Sex Chromosome Conditions -- 16 The Seven Sexes of Humans -- 17 The Identification and Role of Sex-Determining Genes -- 18 The History of Homosexuality -- 19 The History of Behavioral Gender Assignment -- 20 The Evolution of Sex Determination -- 21 What Does It Mean to Have an Assigned Sex? -- 22 The Quest for a Unified Theory of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality -- Afterword -- Appendix: Secondary Literature and the Relation of Biology to Sex and Gender -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.