Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Process and Energy Systems -- Contents -- Preface -- Conversion Factors -- List of Symbols -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Energy Usage, Cost, and Efficiency -- 1.1 ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES -- 1.2 THE COST OF ENERGY -- 1.3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- 1.4 THE COST OF SELF-GENERATED VERSUS PURCHASED ELECTRICITY -- 1.5 THE COST OF FUEL AND FUEL HEATING VALUE -- 1.6 TEXT ORGANIZATION -- 1.7 GETTING STARTED -- 1.8 CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 2: Engineering Economics with VBA Procedures -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ECONOMICS -- 2.2 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY: PRESENT VALUE (PV) AND FUTURE VALUE (FV) -- 2.3 ANNUITIES -- 2.4 COMPARING PROCESS ALTERNATIVES -- 2.4.1 Present Value -- 2.4.2 Rate of Return (ROR) -- 2.4.3 Equivalent Annual Cost/Annual Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) -- 2.5 PLANT DESIGN ECONOMICS -- 2.6 FORMULATING ECONOMICSBASED ENERGY OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS -- 2.7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS WITH UNCERTAINTY: MONTE CARLO SIMULATION -- 2.8 CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 3: Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Sequential Modular Solution Approach -- 3.1 ELEMENTARY MATERIAL BALANCE MODULES -- 3.1.1 Mixer -- 3.1.2 Separator -- 3.1.3 Splitter -- 3.1.4 Reactors -- 3.2 SEQUENTIAL MODULAR APPROACH: MATERIAL BALANCES WITH RECYCLE -- 3.3 UNDERSTANDING TEAR STREAM ITERATION METHODS -- 3.3.1 Single-Variable Successive Substitution Method -- 3.3.2 Multidimensional Successive Substitution Method -- 3.3.3 Single-Variable Wegstein Method -- 3.3.4 Multidimensional Wegstein Method -- 3.4 MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEMS WITH ALTERNATIVE SPECIFICATIONS -- 3.5 SINGLE-VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS -- 3.5.1 Forming the Objective Function for Single-Variable Constrained Material Balance Problems -- 3.5.2 Bounding Step or Bounding Phase: Swann's Equation.

3.5.3 Interval Refinement Phase: Interval Halving -- 3.6 MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEMS WITH LOCAL NONLINEAR SPECIFICATIONS -- 3.7 CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 4: Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Simultaneous Solution Approach -- 4.1 SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATION SETS: THE SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH -- 4.1.1 The Gauss-Jordan Matrix Elimination Method -- 4.1.2 Gauss-Jordan Coding Strategy for Linear Equation Sets -- 4.1.3 Linear Material Balance Problems: Natural Specifications -- 4.1.4 Linear Material Balance Problems: Alternative Specifications -- 4.2 SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EQUATION SETS: THE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD -- 4.2.1 Equation Linearization via Taylor's Series Expansion -- 4.2.2 Nonlinear Equation Set Solution via the Newton-Raphson Method -- 4.2.3 Newton-Raphson Coding Strategy for Nonlinear Equation Sets -- 4.2.4 Nonlinear Material Balance Problems: The Simultaneous Approach -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 5: Process Energy Balances -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 SEPARATOR: EQUILIBRIUM FLASH -- 5.2.1 Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Sequential Modular Approach -- 5.3 EQUILIBRIUM FLASH WITH RECYCLE: SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH -- 5.4 ADIABATIC PLUG FLOW REACTOR (PFR) MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES INCLUDING RATE EXPRESSIONS: EULER'S FIRST-ORDER METHOD -- 5.4.1 Reactor Types -- 5.5 STYRENE PROCESS: MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES WITH REACTION RATE -- 5.6 EULER'S METHOD VERSUS FOURTH-ORDER RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD FOR NUMERICAL INTEGRATION -- 5.6.1 The Euler Method: First-Order ODEs -- 5.6.2 RK4 Method: First-Order ODEs -- 5.7 CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 6: Introduction to Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection -- 6.1 STANDARD DEVIATION AND PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS -- 6.2 DATA RECONCILIATION: EXCEL SOLVER -- 6.2.1 Single-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solver.

6.2.2 Multiple-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solve -- 6.3 DATA RECONCILIATION: REDUNDANCY AND VARIABLE TYPES -- 6.4 DATA RECONCILIATION: LINEAR AND NONLINEAR MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES -- 6.5 DATA RECONCILIATION: LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS -- 6.5.1 Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multiplier Compact Matrix Notation -- 6.6 GROSS ERROR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION -- 6.6.1 Gross Error Detection: The Global Test (GT) Method -- 6.6.2 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test (MT) Method: Linear Constraints -- 6.6.3 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test Method: Nonlinear Constraints -- 6.7 CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 7: Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties -- 7.1 EQUILIBRIUM STATE OF A SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE FLUID: DEVELOPMENT OF THE T dS EQUATIONS -- 7.1.1 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas -- 7.1.2 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas: Isentropic Process -- 7.2 GENERAL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM -- 7.3 COGENERATION TURBINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS: IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID -- 7.3.1 Compressor Performance Calculations -- 7.3.2 Turbine Performance Calculations -- 7.4 AIR BASIC GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS -- 7.5 ENERGY BALANCE FOR THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER -- 7.5.1 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber: Ideal Gas Working Fluid -- 7.6 THE HRSG: DESIGN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS -- 7.6.1 HRSG Design Calculations: Exhaust Gas Ideal and Water-Side Real Properties -- 7.7 GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WITH DESIGN HRSG -- 7.7.1 HRSG Material and Energy Balance Calculations Using Excel Callable Sheet Functions -- 7.8 HRSG OFF-DESIGN CALCULATIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL FIRING -- 7.8.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach.

7.8.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach -- 7.9 GAS TURBINE DESIGN AND OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE -- 7.9.1 Gas Turbines Types and Gas Turbine Design Conditions -- 7.9.2 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Using Performance Curves -- 7.9.3 Gas Turbine Internal Mass Flow Patterns -- 7.9.4 Industrial Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm -- 7.9.5 Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm -- 7.9.6 Off-Design Performance Algorithm for Gas Turbines -- 7.10 CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 8: Development of a Physical Properties Program for Cogeneration Calculations -- 8.1 AVAILABLE FUNCTION CALLS FOR COGENERATION CALCULATIONS -- 8.2 PURE SPECIES THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES -- 8.3 DERIVATION OF WORKING EQUATIONS FOR PURE SPECIES THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES -- 8.4 IDEAL MIXTURE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMBUSTION REACTION CONSIDERATIONS -- 8.4.1 Ideal Mixture -- 8.4.2 Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy -- 8.5 IDEAL MIXTURE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: APPARENT DIFFICULTIES -- 8.6 MIXING RULES FOR EOS -- 8.7 CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 9: Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Real Fluid Properties -- 9.1 COGENERATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS: REAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 9.1.1 Air Compressor (AC) Performance Calculation -- 9.1.2 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber (CC) -- 9.1.3 C Functions for Combustion Temperature and Exhaust Gas Physical Properties -- 9.1.4 Gas and Power Turbine (G&PT) Performance Calculations -- 9.1.5 Air Preheater (APH) -- 9.2 HRSG: DESIGN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS -- 9.3 HRSG OFF-DESIGN CALCULATIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL FIRING -- 9.3.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach.

9.3.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach -- 9.4 GAS TURBINE DESIGN AND OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE -- 9.5 CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 10: Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Economic Design Optimization and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Numerical Analysis -- 10.1 COGENERATION SYSTEM: ECONOMY OF SCALE -- 10.2 COGENERATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION: SITE POWER-TO-HEAT RATIO -- 10.3 ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF A COGENERATION SYSTEM: THE CGAM PROBLEM -- 10.3.1 The Objective Function: Cogeneration System Capital and Operating Costs -- 10.3.2 Optimization: Variable Selection and Solution Strategy -- 10.3.3 Process Constraints -- 10.4 ECONOMIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE CGAM PROBLEM: IDEAL GAS -- 10.4.1 Air Preheater Equations -- 10.4.2 CGAM Problem Physical Properties -- 10.5 THE CGAM COGENERATION DESIGN PROBLEM: REAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 10.6 COMPARING COGEND AND GENERAL ELECTRIC'S GATECYCLE -- 10.7 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HRSG HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS -- 10.7.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall -- 10.7.2 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall -- 10.7.3 Steady-State Heat Conduction in the HRSG -- 10.8 CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 11: Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection in a Cogeneration System -- 11.1 COGENERATION SYSTEM DATA RECONCILIATION -- 11.2 COGENERATION SYSTEM GROSS ERROR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION -- 11.3 VISUAL DISPLAY OF RESULTS -- 11.4 CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS -- Chapter 12: Optimal Power Dispatch in a Cogeneration Facility -- 12.1 DEVELOPING THE OPTIMAL DISPATCH MODEL -- 12.2 OVERVIEW OF THE COGENERATION SYSTEM -- 12.3 GENERAL OPERATING STRATEGY CONSIDERATIONS -- 12.4 EQUIPMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- 12.4.1 Stand-Alone Boiler (Boiler 4) Performance (Based on Fuel Higher Heating Value (HHV)).

12.4.2 Electric Chiller Performance.