Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- 1: HISTORY OF BIOMIMETIC, BIOACTIVE, AND BIORESPONSIVE BIOMATERIALS -- 1.1 THE FIRST GENERATION OF BIOMATERIALS: THE SEARCH FOR "THE BIOINERT" -- 1.1.1 Bioinert: Myth, Reality, or Utopia? -- 1.2 THE SECOND GENERATION OF BIOMATERIALS: BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, BIOACTIVE -- 1.2.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bioglass®: Cell Adhesion and Stimulation -- 1.2.2 Collagen, Fibrin Glue, and Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels: Presenting the ECM -- 1.2.3 Chitosan and Alginate: Replacing the ECM -- 1.2.4 Poly(Lactic/Glycolic) Acid Copolymers: Encouraging Tissue Remodeling by Safe Biodegradation -- 1.2.5 Porous Metals: Favoring Mechanical Integration -- 1.3 THE THIRD-GENERATION BIOMATERIALS: BIOMIMICKING NATURAL BIOACTIVE AND BIORESPONSIVE PROCESSES -- 1.3.1 Principal Phases of Tissue Regeneration -- 1.3.1.1 Cell Adhesion: The Cornerstone of Tissue Regeneration -- 1.3.1.2 Mechanisms of Tissue Mineralization -- 1.4 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMESIS AND BIOACTIVITY -- 1.4.1 Biomimicking of the ECM -- 1.4.2 Biomimicking of Cell Membrane Components -- 1.4.3 Biomimicking Cell Signaling Pathways -- 1.4.3.1 Modulation of the Growth Factor Signaling by Gene Expression: Bioactive Gene Delivery Systems -- 1.5 BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL SOURCES -- 1.5.1 Silk Fibroin -- 1.5.2 Soybean-Based Biomaterials -- 1.6 SCOPE OF THIS BOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2: SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY -- 2.1 OVERVIEW -- 2.2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE -- 2.2.1 Background -- 2.3 THE SKIN -- 2.3.1 Structure and Functionality -- 2.3.2 Repair, Healing, and Renewal -- 2.4 MUSCLE TISSUE -- 2.4.1 Background -- 2.4.2 Skeletal Muscle -- 2.4.2.1 Structure and Functionality -- 2.4.2.2 Repair, Healing, and Renewal -- 2.4.3 Smooth Muscle -- 2.4.3.1 Structure and Functionality -- 2.4.3.2 Repair, Healing, and Renewal.

2.4.4 Cardiac Muscle -- 2.4.4.1 Structure and Functionality -- 2.4.4.2 Repair, Healing, and Renewal -- 2.5 CONNECTIVE TISSUE -- 2.5.1 Background -- 2.5.2 Embryonic Connective Tissue -- 2.5.3 Connective Tissue Proper -- 2.5.3.1 Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper -- 2.5.3.2 Connective Tissue Proper Fibers -- 2.5.3.3 Ground Substance -- 2.5.4 Specialized Connective Tissues -- 2.5.4.1 Structure and Function -- 2.5.4.2 Repair, Healing, and Renewal of Hyaline Cartilage -- 2.6 THE FOREIGN BODY RESPONSE -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 2 -- REFERENCES -- 3: HARD TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY -- 3.1 DEFINITION OF HARD TISSUES -- 3.2 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE -- 3.2.1 Structure of the Articular Cartilage -- 3.2.2 Specific Mechanism Repair of the Articular Cartilage -- 3.3 BONE TISSUE -- 3.3.1 The Structure of the Bony Tissues -- 3.3.2 The Functions of Bone Tissue -- 3.3.3 Cell Types Involved in Bone Homeostasis: The Osteoblasts and the Osteoclasts -- 3.3.4 Ossification, Turnover, and Remodeling -- 3.3.5 Bone Composite Structure and Its Effect on Mechanical Performance -- 3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 3 -- REFERENCES -- 4: BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOMIMETIC POLYMERS: THE PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE-CONTAINING POLYMERS -- 4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- 4.2 SYNTHESIS OF PC-CONTAINING POLYMERS -- 4.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PC-CONTAINING POLYMERS -- 4.3.1 Antifouling Mechanisms of Action -- 4.3.2 Swelling Phenomena and Structural Aspects of PC Coatings -- 4.4 STABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS -- 4.4.1 PC Coatings and Surface Treatments -- 4.4.2 Bulk Hydrogels and Blends -- 4.5 BIOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY -- 4.5.1 Interactions with Proteins, Eukaryotic Cells, and Bacteria -- 4.5.2 Interaction with Other Tissues -- 4.6. APPLICATIONS OF PC POLYMERS -- 4.6.1 Cardiovascular Applications -- 4.6.1.1 PC-Coated Coronary Stents.

4.6.1.2 Vascular Grafts -- 4.6.1.3 Extracorporeal Circuits -- 4.6.2 Ophthalmic Applications -- 4.6.2.1 Intraocular Lenses -- 4.6.2.2 Contact Lenses -- 4.6.2.3 Other Ocular Devices -- 4.6.3 Anti-Infective Applications -- 4.6.3.1 Urological Devices -- 4.6.3.2 Tympanostomy Tubes -- 4.6.4 Orthopedic Applications -- 4.6.5 Biosensors and Diagnostics -- 4.6.6 Separation Systems -- 4.6.7 PC Polymers for Drug Delivery -- 4.6.7.1 Drug Delivery Coatings -- 4.6.7.2 Gel-Based Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.6.7.3 Nano/Micro Particulate Drug and Gene Delivery -- 4.6.7.4 Drug Conjugates -- 4.6.8 Emerging Applications -- 4.7 SUMMARY -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4 -- REFERENCES -- 5: BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, AND BIOACTIVE MATERIALS: INTEGRATING MATERIALS WITH TISSUE -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR METALS AS IMPLANTABLE MATERIALS -- 5.2.1 Stiffness -- 5.2.2 Strength -- 5.2.3 Corrosion Resistance -- 5.2.3.1 General Corrosion -- 5.2.3.2 Crevice Corrosion -- 5.2.3.3 Fretting Corrosion -- 5.2.3.4 Galvanic Corrosion -- 5.3 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF METALS -- 5.3.1 ISO Standardized Metal Family -- 5.3.1.1 Stainless Steels -- 5.3.1.2 Cobalt Alloys -- 5.3.1.3 Titanium and Titanium Alloys -- 5.4 SURFACE TREATMENTS OF METALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 5.4.1 Cathodic Deposition Treatments -- 5.4.2 Anodic Oxidation -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 5 -- REFERENCES -- 6: CERAMICS -- 6.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- 6.2 BIOSTABLE CERAMICS -- 6.2.1 Alumina -- 6.2.2 Zirconia -- 6.3 BIOACTIVE AND RESORBABLE CERAMICS -- 6.3.1 Basic Concepts -- 6.3.2 Glasses and Glass-Ceramics -- 6.3.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Bioactive Glasses -- 6.3.2.2 Silicate-Based Glasses -- 6.3.2.3 Phosphate-Based Glasses -- 6.3.2.4 Processing of Glass and Glass-Ceramics -- 6.3.3 Calcium Phosphates -- 6.3.3.1 Physicochemistry of Calcium Phosphates.

6.3.3.2 Processing of Calcium Orthophosphates -- 6.3.4 New Trends in Bioactive and Resorbable Materials Integration -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6 -- REFERENCES -- 7: BIOFUNCTIONAL BIOMATERIALS OF THE FUTURE -- 7.1 CLINICALLY LED NEXT GENERATION BIOMATERIALS -- 7.1.1 Wound Dressings and Dermal Substitutes -- 7.1.2 Vascular Grafts and Cardiovascular Stents -- 7.1.3 Joint Implants and Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 7.1.4 Bone Fillers -- 7.1.5 Nerve Guides -- 7.1.6 Ophthalmologic Devices -- 7.2 BIOMACROMOLECULE-INSPIRED BIOMATERIALS -- 7.2.1 Artificial Laminin -- 7.2.2 Artificial Elastin -- 7.2.3 Artificial Collagen -- 7.2.4 GAG- and PGN-Mimicking Biomaterials -- 7.3 NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, AND BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS -- 7.3.1 Nanofabrication of Biomaterials -- 7.3.1.1 2D Techniques -- 7.3.1.2 3D Techniques -- 7.3.1.3 Polymeric Dendrimers -- 7.3.1.4 Self-Assembling Peptides -- 7.4 CONCLUSIONS -- EXERCISES/QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 7 -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.