ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY OF MERCURY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- 1 OVERVIEW OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Toxicity and Health Risks of Mercury Exposure -- 1.3 Sources of Mercury -- 1.4 Overview of Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- PART I ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- 2 ADVANCES IN SPECIATION ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sample Preparation for Hg Speciation in Environmental Samples -- 2.3 Application of GC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis -- 2.4 Application of HPLC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis -- 2.5 Application of Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques in Hg Speciation Analysis -- 2.6 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Probing Chemical Microenvironment of Hg -- 2.7 Application of Stable Isotope Dilution Technique in Mercury Speciation Analysis -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- 3 MEASURING GAS PHASE MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Standardized Methods for Measuring Mercury -- 3.3 Mercury Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) -- 3.4 Future Outlook -- References -- PART II SPECIATION AND TRANSFORMATION -- 4 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF MERCURY -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Overall Picture -- 4.3 Chemical Transformations in the Gas Phase -- 4.4 Chemical Transformations in the Aqueous Phase -- 4.5 Redox Chemistry at the Interface Between the Atmosphere and Earth's Surfaces -- 4.6 Atmospheric Implications of the Identified Redox Pathways -- 4.7 Future Research Needs -- References -- 5 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE MERCURY CYCLE -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mercury Methylation -- 5.3 Methylmercury Degradation -- 5.4 Redox Cycling of Inorganic Hg -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 PHOTOREACTIONS OF MERCURY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS.

6.1 Significance of Mercury Photoreactions -- 6.2 Concepts in Mercury Photoreactions -- 6.3 Current Methods in Mercury Photochemistry -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- 7 CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF MERCURY IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physicochemical Properties, Oxidation States, Chemical Forms, Structures, and Concentrations of Mercury in the Environment -- 7.3 Aqueous Phase: Major Ligands and Their Affinities for Mercury(II) -- 7.4 Liquid and Solid Phases of Mercury in Soils and Sediments -- 7.5 Reactions of Mercury(II) with Soil and Sediment Particle Surfaces -- 7.6 Stabilization of Nanoparticulate Mercury(II) Sulfides by Natural Organic Matter -- 7.7 Solubility and Chemical Speciation of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments -- 7.8 Methods for Studying the Chemistry of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments -- 7.9 Future Research Needs -- References -- 8 THE EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER ON MERCURY BIOGEOCHEMISTRY -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Dissolved Organic Matter -- 8.3 Field Observations -- 8.4 Effects of DOM on Mercury Distributions Between Solution and Particles -- 8.5 Mercury Binding Strength -- 8.6 Mercury Binding Environment -- 8.7 Methylmercury Binding Strength and Environment -- 8.8 DOM and Mercury Mineral Dissolution -- 8.9 DOM and Mercury Mineral Precipitation -- References -- 9 TRACKING GEOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND TRANSPORT OF MERCURY THROUGH ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes in Environmental Processes -- 9.3 Hg Isotope Variations in Nature -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- PART III TRANSPORT AND FATE -- 10 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF MERCURY -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Concepts of Mercury Cycling in the Atmosphere -- 10.3 Methods for Studying Atmospheric Mercury Transport -- 10.4 Assessments of Airborne Mercury Pollution -- 10.5 Knowledge Gaps -- References.

11 ADSORPTION OF MERCURY ON SOLIDS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Adsorption of Mercury on Solids -- 11.3 Role of Colloids in Mercury Adsorption -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 EXCHANGE OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY BETWEEN THE OCEANS AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Models of Gas Exchange of Elemental Mercury at the Air-Sea Interface -- 12.3 Field Studies of Ocean-To-Air Fluxes of Mercury -- 12.4 Rate Constants for Reduction and Oxidation of Mercury Species in Ocean Waters -- 12.5 Modeling Studies Estimating Oceanic Air-Sea Exchange -- 12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 13 EXCHANGE OF MERCURY BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- 13.1 General Overview -- 13.2 Methods and Tools Applied for Measurement and Understanding of Air-Terrestrial Surface Exchange -- 13.3 Measured Fluxes -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- PART IV BIOACCUMULATION, TOXICITY, AND METALLOMICS -- 14 BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF MERCURY THROUGH FOOD WEBS -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Mercury in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms -- 14.3 Mercury within Organisms -- 14.4 Factors Affecting Mercury in Biota -- 14.5 Biomagnification of Mercury Through Food Webs -- 14.6 Mercury Stable Isotopes in Bioaccumulation Studies -- 14.7 Case Study-Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada -- 14.8 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A REVIEW OF MERCURY TOXICITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METHYLMERCURY -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Global Mercury Emission into the Atmosphere -- 15.3 Metabolism and Toxicity of Chemical Forms of Mercury -- 15.4 Risk Assessment of Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury -- 15.5 Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption for Brain Development -- 15.6 Exceptional Methylmercury Exposure Through Rice -- 15.7 Summary -- References.

16 METALLOMICS OF MERCURY: ROLE OF THIOLAND SELENOL-CONTAINING BIOMOLECULES -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Metallomics of Mercury -- 16.3 Mercury and Methylmercury Complexes with Thiol-Containing Biomolecules -- 16.4 Mercury and Methylmercury Binding to Selenol-Containing Biomolecules -- 16.5 Lability of Mercury or Methylmercury Complexes with Thiols or Selenols -- 16.6 Thiol-Containing Biomolecules in the Uptake and Metabolism of Mercury -- 16.7 Selenium Aided Biomineralization of Mercury and Methylmercury -- 16.8 Analytical and Modeling Approaches -- 16.9 Conclusion -- References -- 17 HUMAN HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF DIETARY EXPOSURES TO METHYLMERCURY -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methylmercury Exposure -- 17.3 Nutrients in Fish and Seafood -- 17.4 Major Prospective Cohort Studies -- 17.5 Health Effects -- 17.6 Cardiovascular Outcomes -- 17.7 Nutrient and Methylmercury Exposure as Predictors of Developmental Outcomes -- 17.8 Confounding Variables -- 17.9 Risk Assessment and Exposure Imprecision -- 17.10 Conclusions -- References -- INDEX.