Polymers for Electricity and Electronics: Materials, Properties, and Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1: Electric Charge -- 1.1.1: Static Electricity -- 1.1.2: Electric Fields -- 1.1.3: The Triboelectric Effect -- 1.2: Coulomb's Law -- 1.3: Conductors and Insulators -- 1.4: Capacitors -- 1.5: Dielectrics and Capacitance -- 1.6: Dielectric Polarizability -- 1.7: Voltage -- 1.8: Electric Currents -- 1.9: Resistance and Resistivity -- 1.10: Ohm's Law -- 1.11: Semiconductors -- 1.12: Superconductivity and Superconductors -- 1.13: Piezoelectricity -- 1.14: Pyroelectricity -- 1.15: Ferroelectricity -- 1.16: Methods for Generating Electric Energy -- 1.16.1: Batteries -- 1.16.2: Fuel Cells -- 1.16.3: Solar Cells -- 1.16.4: Commercial Facilities -- Further Readings -- 2: Polymeric Materials -- 2.1: Introduction -- 2.2: Polymerization -- 2.2.1: Chain Polymerization -- 2.2.2: Step Reaction Polymerization -- 2.3: Molecular Weights and Molecular Weight Distributions -- 2.4: Configuration -- 2.4.1: Isomerism -- 2.4.2: Polarity -- 2.4.3: Effects of Large Substituents -- 2.5: Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature -- 2.5.1: Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers -- 2.5.2: Crystallization and Melting -- 2.6: Solutions of Polymers -- 2.6.1: Solubility of Polymers -- 2.6.2: Viscosity of Polymer Solutions -- 2.7: Polymer Compatibility -- 2.8: Deformation Behavior -- 2.8.1: Introduction -- 2.8.2: Viscoelastic Response -- 2.8.2.1: Creep -- 2.8.2.2: Stress-Relaxation -- 2.8.2.3: Dynamic-Mechanical Response -- 2.9: Polymeric Foams -- 2.10: Liquid Crystals -- 2.10.1: Introduction -- 2.10.2: Liquid-Crystalline Polymers -- 2.11: Nanocomposites -- 2.12: Commercial Polymers -- 2.12.1: Plastics -- 2.12.1.1: Engineering Plastics -- 2.12.1.1.1: Regular Service Engineering Plastics -- 2.12.1.1.2: High-Performance Engineering Plastics.

2.12.2: Elastomers -- 2.12.2.1: Natural Rubber -- 2.12.2.2: Synthetic Rubbers -- 2.12.2.2.1: General-Purpose Rubbers -- 2.12.2.2.2: High-Performance Elastomers -- 2.12.2.2.3: Elastomers for Extreme Conditions -- 2.12.3: Synthetic Fibers -- 2.12.4: Composites -- 2.12.5: Other Polymeric Materials -- 2.13: General Technological Characteristics of Polymers -- 2.13.1: Thermoplastics and Thermosets -- 2.13.2: Elastomers -- 2.13.3: Composites -- 2.14: Processing of Polymers -- 2.14.1: Mixing -- 2.14.2: Melt Processing -- 2.14.2.1: Extrusion -- 2.14.2.2: Injection Molding -- 2.14.2.3: Compression Molding -- 2.14.2.4: Transfer Molding -- 2.14.2.5: Blow Molding -- 2.14.2.6: Rotational Molding -- 2.14.2.7: Thermoforming -- 2.14.3: Processing of Thermosets -- 2.14.3.1: Processing of Thermoset Resins -- 2.14.3.2: Processing of Conventional Elastomers (Rubber) -- 2.14.4: Processing of Reinforced Composites -- 2.14.4.1: Preforms, Prepregs, and Compounds -- 2.14.4.2: Manufacturing Processes -- 2.15: Adhesion and Adhesives -- 2.15.1: Principles of Adhesive Bonding -- 2.15.2: Methods of Surface Treatment -- 2.15.2.1: Evaluation of the Level of the Surface Treatment -- 2.15.3: Types of Polymeric Adhesives -- 2.15.4: Application of Adhesives -- 2.15.5: Formation of Adhesive Bonds -- 2.15.6: Measurement of the Bond Strength -- Further Readings -- 3: Polymers as Electrical Insulators -- 3.1: Dielectric Constants of Polymers -- 3.1.1: Nonpolar Polymers -- 3.1.2: Polar Polymers -- 3.1.3: Polarization of Polymers -- 3.1.3.1: Electronic Polarization -- 3.1.3.2: Atomic Polarization -- 3.1.3.3: Orientation Polarization -- 3.1.4: Effect of Additives -- 3.1.5: Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant -- 3.1.6: Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Constant -- 3.2: Dielectric Relaxation -- 3.3: Tangent of the Dielectric Loss Angle -- 3.4: Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers.

3.4.1: Introduction -- 3.4.2: Electronic Breakdown -- 3.4.3: Thermal Breakdown -- 3.4.4: Electromechanical Breakdown -- 3.4.5: Gas-Discharge Breakdown -- 3.4.6: Surface Discharge and Tracking -- 3.4.7: Treeing in Polymers -- 3.4.7.1: Electrical Trees -- 3.4.7.1.1: Initiation of Electrical Trees -- 3.4.7.1.2: Growth of Electrical Trees -- 3.4.7.1.3: Inhibition of Electrical Treeing -- 3.4.7.2: Water Treeing -- 3.4.7.2.1: Inhibition of Water Treeing -- 3.4.7.3: Effects of Space Charges -- 3.4.8: Long-Term Endurance Under Electric Stress -- 3.5: Static Charges -- 3.5.1: Introduction -- 3.5.2: Contact Charging of Polymers -- 3.5.2.1: Charge Transfer by Electrons -- 3.5.2.2: Charge Transfer by Ions -- 3.5.3: Electrets -- Further Readings -- 4: Specialty Polymers -- 4.1: Intrinsically Conductive Polymers -- 4.1.1: Conjugated Polymers -- 4.1.1.1: Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers -- 4.1.1.1.1: Pyrolysis -- 4.1.1.1.2: Direct Synthesis -- 4.1.1.1.3: Condensation Polymerization -- 4.1.1.1.4: Electrochemical Synthesis -- 4.1.2: Doping -- 4.2: Ferroelectric Polymers -- 4.2.1: Introduction -- 4.2.2: Ferroelectric Polymeric Materials -- 4.2.2.1: Synthesis -- 4.2.2.2: Properties -- 4.2.2.3: Processing -- 4.2.2.3.1: Thin Films and Sheets -- 4.2.2.3.2: Injection Molding and Thermoforming -- 4.3: Thermotropic Liquid-Crystal Polymers -- 4.3.1: Processing -- 4.3.2: Electrical Properties -- 4.4: Ionomers -- Further Readings -- 5: Commercial Polymers Used in Practical Electrical and Electronic Applications -- 5.1: Polymeric Materials Used As Insulators -- 5.1.1: Thermoplastic Resins and Elastomers -- 5.1.1.1: Standard Thermoplastics -- 5.1.1.2: High-Performance Thermoplastics -- 5.1.1.3: Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 5.1.2: Thermosetting Resins -- 5.1.3: Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites -- 5.1.4: Rubbers (Conventional Elastomers) -- 5.2: Wire and Cable Technology.

5.2.1: Introduction -- 5.2.2: Types of Wire and Cable Products -- 5.2.3: Cable Manufacturing Processes -- 5.2.3.1: Extrusion -- 5.2.3.2: Vulcanization -- 5.2.3.3: Electron Beam Cross-Linking of Polymers in the W&C Process -- 5.2.3.3.1: Electron Beam Cross-Linking of Thermoplastics -- 5.2.3.3.2: Electron Beam Curing (Cross-Linking) of Elastomers -- 5.2.3.4: Comparison of Irradiation and Chemical Cross-Linking of Elastomers -- 5.2.3.5: Radiation Curing of Coatings, Adhesives and Enamels -- 5.2.3.6: Process and Equipment for EB Curing of W&C -- 5.2.4: Cable Splices-Joints -- 5.2.4.1: Tape Wrapped Joints -- 5.2.4.2: Field Molded Joints -- 5.2.4.3: Premolded-Prefabricated Joints -- 5.2.4.4: Heat Shrinkable Joints -- 5.2.5: Cable Testing -- 5.2.5.1: Material Testing -- 5.2.5.2: Qualification Testing -- 5.2.5.3: Production Testing -- 5.2.5.4: Field Testing -- 5.3: Other Applications of Polymers and Polymeric Systems -- 5.3.1: Potting and Encapsulation -- 5.3.2: Electrically Conductive Adhesives, Inks, and Tapes -- Further Readings -- 6: Applications of Specialty Polymers -- 6.1: Applications of Conjugated Polymers -- 6.1.1: Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes -- 6.1.2: Solar Cells -- 6.1.3: Schottky Barrier Diodes -- 6.2: Applications of Ferroelectric Polymers -- 6.3: Applications of Liquid-Crystal Polymers -- 6.3.1: Liquid-Crystal Displays -- 6.3.2: Surface Mount Technology -- 6.3.3: Special Connectors -- 6.3.4: Switches -- 6.3.5: Optoelectronic Components -- 6.3.6: Fiber-Optic Cables -- 6.4: Applications of Ionomers -- 6.4.1: Introduction -- 6.4.2: Fuel Cells -- 6.5: Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries -- Further Readings -- 7: Testing of Electrical Properties of Polymers -- 7.1: Introduction -- 7.2: Individual Tests of Electrical Properties -- 7.2.1: Dielectric Strength (ASTM D149) -- 7.2.2: Dielectric Constant (ASTM D150) -- 7.2.3: Power Factor (ASTM D150).

7.2.4: Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) -- 7.2.5: Direct Current Resistance (ASTM D257) -- 7.2.6: High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance (ASTM D495) -- 7.2.7: Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharge Pulses (ASTM D1868) -- 7.2.8: Surface Corona and Surface Discharge (ASTM D2275) -- Further Readings -- 8: Current Trends and Developments -- 8.1: Molecular Electronics -- 8.2: Intelligent Material Systems -- 8.3: Other Developments and Trends -- 8.3.1: Replacement of Poly(vinyl chloride) in Low-Voltage Cables -- 8.3.2: Recent New Developments of Electrically Conductive Adhesives -- 8.3.3: Field-Effect Transistors -- 8.3.4: Nanotechnology -- 8.3.5: Plastic Optical Fibers -- 8.3.6: Conductive Textiles -- Further Readings -- Appendix I: Typical Values of Electrical Properties of Selected Polymers -- Appendix II: Electrical Properties, ASTM Test Methods, and Specifications -- Appendix III: Basic Electrical Tests: ASTM and Corresponding International Standards -- Appendix IV: Nobel Prize 2000 for Chemistry, Title Page -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.