Handbook of Marine Macroalgae -- Contributors -- Preface -- Editor -- PART I Introduction to Algae and Their Importance -- 1 Biological Importance of Marine Algae -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds) -- 1.2.1 Chlorophyta (green algae) -- 1.2.2 Phaeophyta (brown algae) -- 1.2.3 Rhodophyta (red algae) -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need for marine resources -- 2.3 Various marine resources -- 2.4 Producers in the marine environment -- 2.5 Emergent plants -- 2.6 Seaweed diversity -- 2.7 Uses of seaweeds -- 2.8 Marine farming: global scenario -- 2.9 SEAPURA: an EU effort -- 2.10 Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario -- 2.11 Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds -- 2.11.1 Metagenomics in understanding seaweeds -- 2.11.2 Role of bioinformatics -- 2.11.3 Data storage and retrieval -- 2.11.4 Different kind of information analysis -- 2.11.5 Phylogeographical and evolutionary analysis -- 2.12 Future prospects -- 2.13 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta -- 3.1 Seaweeds: an overview -- 3.2 Commercial uses of seaweeds -- 3.3 Indian scenario -- 3.4 Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans -- References -- 4 Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Exploitation of marine algal resources -- 4.2.1 International context -- 4.2.2 French and Breton context -- 4.2.3 French research network on marine bioactive compounds extracted from macroalgae -- 4.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds? -- 4.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities.

4.4.1 Polysaccharides -- 4.4.2 Phycoerythrin -- 4.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities -- 4.5.1 Polysaccharides -- 4.5.2 Phenolic compounds (phloroglucinol and derived products) -- 4.5.3 Terpenes -- 4.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense -- 4.6.1 Biotic interactions of marine red and brown algae (pathogens, grazing, etc.) -- 4.6.2 Biofouling -- 4.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy -- 4.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae -- 4.8.1 Algae for nutritional foods -- 4.8.2 Algae for health and cosmetics -- 4.8.3 Algae against microorganisms -- 4.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Light absorption -- 5.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance -- 5.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition -- 5.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides? -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mineral content in seaweed -- 6.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds -- 6.3.1 Legislation concerning seaweed consumption -- 6.3.2 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: studies concerning seaweed edibility -- 6.3.3 Radionuclides in edible seaweed -- 6.4 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: pollution biomonitoring -- 6.4.1 Seaweeds as bioindicators -- 6.4.2 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: studies concerning environmental monitoring -- 6.4.3 Seaweeds as bioindicators of radioactive pollution -- 6.5 Chemical speciation -- 6.5.1 Importance of the chemical species of an element -- 6.5.2 Sources of organometallic species in the environment and foodstuffs.

6.5.3 Organometallic compounds (elemental chemical species) in algae -- 6.5.4 Analytical chemistry of elemental speciation in algae -- References -- PART II Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds -- 7 Chemical Composition of Seaweeds -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Various components of seaweeds -- 7.2.1 Proteins and amino acids -- 7.2.2 Minerals -- 7.2.3 Vitamins -- 7.2.4 Lipids -- 7.2.5 Dietary fiber -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East -- 8.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle -- 8.3.1 The polysaccharides of Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) -- 8.3.2 The polysaccharides of Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) -- 8.3.3 Influence of environmental conditions on polysaccharide composition of T. crinitus -- 8.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C. pinnulatus and T. crinitus -- References -- 9 Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Textile materials -- 9.2.1 Cotton fiber -- 9.2.2 Cotton yarn -- 9.2.3 Cotton fabric -- 9.2.4 Preparatory process -- 9.3 Antimicrobial agents -- 9.3.1 Organic chemicals -- 9.3.2 Inorganic nanoparticles -- 9.3.3 Oxygen bleach -- 9.3.4 Plant products -- 9.3.5 Chitin and chitosan -- 9.4 Seaweeds -- 9.4.1 Bioactive compounds from seaweed -- 9.5 Extraction and characterization -- 9.5.1 Crude extract -- 9.5.2 Nanoparticle extraction -- 9.5.3 Characterization of nanoparticles -- 9.6 Antibacterial finishing -- 9.6.1 Padding of extract -- 9.6.2 Antibacterial test -- 9.6.3 Antibacterial property.

9.7 Permanent finish -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds -- 10.3 Role of cell wall degrading enzymes -- 10.4 Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds -- 10.5 Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions -- 10.6 Bioactive peptides from seaweeds -- 10.6.1 Polyphenols and brown algal phlorotannins -- 10.6.2 Carotenoids -- 10.6.3 Polysaccharides -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Phylogenetic distribution -- 11.3 Common methods for extraction and structural analyses -- 11.3.1 Methods for isolation -- 11.3.2 Methods for detection, quantization, and purity control -- 11.3.3 Methods for molecular weight determination -- 11.3.4 Methods for structural characterization -- 11.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence -- 11.4.1 Phylogenetic implications: how has the 3-linked, β-galactopyranose unit occurred in the marine environment throughout the course evolution? -- 11.4.2 Restricted occurrence of SFs in brown algae -- 11.4.3 SGs in green algae -- 11.4.4 Red algal SGs occur usually in disaccharide repeating units within heterogeneous sulfation patterns: carrageenans and agarans -- 11.5 Industrial applications -- 11.5.1 SFs/fucoidans as food supplements and cosmetic hydrators -- 11.5.2 Carrageenans and agarans: the most industrially used SG molecules -- 11.6 Pharmacological properties -- 11.6.1 Antiviral actions -- 11.6.2 The use of SFs and SGs in therapy for preventing thrombosis and coagulation -- 11.6.3 Inhibiting inflammation -- 11.6.4 Pro- and antiangiogenic actions of SFs/fucoidans -- 11.6.5 Algal SPs helping the fight against tumor.

11.6.6 Combating infection of parasites with algal SPs: a new avenue against parasitoses -- 11.6.7 Effects on cellular growth, migration and adhesion -- 11.7 Major conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Chemical constituents -- 12.2.1 Sesquiterpenes -- 12.2.2 Diterpenes -- 12.2.3 Other skeletons -- 12.2.4 Meroterpenoids -- 12.2.5 C15-acetogenins -- 12.2.6 Phlorotannins -- 12.2.7 Steroids -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination -- 13.1 Digestibility -- 13.1.1 Protein digestibility -- 13.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment -- 13.2.1 In vivo methods of digestibility assessment -- 13.2.2 In situ methods of digestibility assessment -- 13.2.3 In vitro methods of digestibility assessment -- 13.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products -- 13.3.1 Endogenous factors influencing seaweed digestibility -- 13.3.2 Exogenous factors influencing seaweed digestibility -- 13.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility -- 13.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Characterization of the rfMT -- 14.3 Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques -- 14.3.1 Equilibrium data for cadmium binding -- 14.3.2 Equilibrium data for arsenic binding -- 14.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques -- 14.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART III Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds -- 15 In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 In vivo oral toxicity study.

15.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study.