Nanotechnology Research Methods for Foods and Bioproducts -- Contents -- Foreword -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Material components for nanostructures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Self-assembly -- 2.3 Proteins and peptides -- 2.3.1 Amyloidogenic proteins -- 2.3.2 Collagen -- 2.3.3 Gelatin -- 2.3.4 Caseins -- 2.3.5 Wheat gluten -- 2.3.6 Zein -- 2.3.7 Eggshell membranes -- 2.3.8 Bovine serum albumin -- 2.3.9 Enzymes -- 2.4 Carbohydrates -- 2.4.1 Cyclodextrins -- 2.4.2 Cellulose whiskers -- 2.5 Protein-polysaccharides -- 2.6 Liquid crystals -- 2.7 Inorganic materials -- References -- 3 Self-assembled nanostructures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Self-assembly -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Micelles -- 3.2.3 Fibers -- 3.2.4 Tubes -- 3.3 Layer-by-layer assembly -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Nanofilms on planar surfaces from LbL -- 3.3.3 Nanocoatings from LbL -- 3.3.4 Hollow nanocapsules from LbL -- 3.4 Nanoemulsions -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 High-energy nanoemulsification methods -- 3.4.3 Low-energy nanoemulsification methods -- 3.4.4 Nanoparticles generated from different nanoemulsions and their applications -- References -- 4 Nanocomposites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Polymer nanocomposites -- 4.3 Nanocomposite formation -- 4.4 Structure characterization -- 4.5 Biobased nanocomposites -- 4.5.1 Starch nanocomposites -- 4.5.2 Pectin nanocomposites -- 4.5.3 Cellulose nanocomposites -- 4.5.4 Polylactic acid nanocomposites -- 4.5.5 Protein nanocomposites -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Nanotechnology-enabled delivery systems for food functionalization and fortification -- 5.1 Introduction: functional foods -- 5.2 Food matrix and food micro-structure -- 5.3 Target compounds: nutraceuticals -- 5.3.1 Solubility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals -- 5.3.2 Interaction of nutraceuticals with food matrix -- 5.4 Delivery systems.

5.4.1 Overcoming biological barriers -- 5.4.2 Nano-scale delivery systems -- 5.4.3 Types/design principles -- 5.4.4 Modes of action -- 5.5 Examples of nanoscale delivery systems for food functionalization -- 5.5.1 Liposomes -- 5.5.2 Nano-cochleates -- 5.5.3 Hydrogels-based nanoparticles -- 5.5.4 Micellar systems -- 5.5.5 Dendrimers -- 5.5.6 Polymeric nanoparticles -- 5.5.7 Nanoemulsions -- 5.5.8 Lipid nanoparticles -- 5.5.9 Nanocrystalline particles -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Scanning electron microscopy -- 6.1 Background -- 6.1.1 Introduction to the scanning electron microscope -- 6.1.2 Why electrons? -- 6.1.3 Electron-target interaction -- 6.1.4 Secondary electrons (SEs) -- 6.1.5 Backscattered electrons (BSEs) -- 6.1.6 Characteristic X-rays -- 6.1.7 Overview of the SEM -- 6.1.8 Electron sources -- 6.1.9 Lenses and apertures -- 6.1.10 Electron beam scanning -- 6.1.11 Lens aberrations -- 6.1.12 Vacuum -- 6.1.13 Conductive coatings -- 6.1.14 Environmental SEMs (ESEMs) -- 6.2 Applications -- 6.2.1 Zein microstructures -- 6.2.2 Controlled magnifications -- 6.2.3 Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Limitations -- 6.3.1 Radiation damage -- 6.3.2 Contamination -- 6.3.3 Charging -- References -- 7 Transmission electron microscopy -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Instrumentations and applications -- 7.2.1 Interactions between incident beam and specimen -- 7.2.2 Conventional TEM -- 7.2.3 Scanning TEM -- 7.2.4 Analytical electron microscopy -- 7.3 Sample preparations -- 7.4 Limitations -- References -- 8 Dynamic light scattering -- 8.1 The principle of dynamic light scattering -- 8.2 Photon correlation spectroscopy -- 8.3 DLS apparatus -- 8.4 DLS data analysis -- 8.4.1 Multiple-decay methods -- 8.4.2 Regularization methods -- 8.4.3 Maximum-entropy method -- 8.4.4 Cumulant method -- References -- 9 X-ray diffraction -- 9.1 Background -- 9.1.1 Introduction.

9.1.2 Classical X-ray setup -- 9.1.3 X-ray sources -- 9.1.4 X-ray detectors -- 9.1.5 Wide-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering -- 9.2 Applications -- 9.2.1 Example: X-ray characterization of zein-fatty acid films -- 9.2.2 Temperature-controlled WAXS -- References -- 10 Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation -- 10.1 Background and principles -- 10.2 Instrumentation and data analysis -- 10.2.1 Sensors -- 10.2.2 Data analysis -- 10.3 Applications -- 10.4 Advantages -- References -- 11 Focused ion beams -- 11.1 Background -- 11.1.1 Introduction to the focused ion beam system -- 11.1.2 Overview of the FIB -- 11.1.3 Ion beam production -- 11.1.4 Ion-target interaction -- 11.1.5 Basic functions of the FIB system -- 11.1.6 SEM and SIM -- 11.1.7 SEM and FIB combined system -- 11.1.8 3D nanotomography with application of real-time imaging during FIB milling -- 11.1.9 3D nanostructure fabrication by FIB -- 11.2 Applications -- 11.2.1 Polymers -- 11.2.2 Biological products -- 11.2.3 Example: self-assembled protein structures -- 11.3 Limitations -- References -- 12 X-ray computerized microtomography -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 X-ray generation -- 12.3 X-ray images -- 12.4 X-ray micro-CT systems -- 12.5 Data reconstructions -- 12.6 Artifacts in micro-CT images -- 12.6.1 Ring artifacts -- 12.6.2 Center errors -- 12.6.3 Beam-hardening artifacts -- 12.6.4 Phase-contrast artifacts -- 12.7 A couple of issues in X-ray micro-CT practice -- 12.7.1 The spatial resolution, and associated issues of contrast and field of view -- 12.7.2 Localized imaging and sample-size reduction -- References -- Index -- A color plate section falls between pages 194 and 195.