LOW IMPACTDEVELOPMENTAND SUSTAINABLESTORMWATERMANAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- Prologue: Habitat, Sustainability, and Stormwater Management -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Rainwater as the Resource -- 1.1 The Water Balance as a Guide for Sustainable Design -- 1.2 The Water Balance by Region -- 1.3 Arid Environments: The Southern California Model -- The Energy Demand for Water in Southern California -- 1.4 The Altered Water Balance and Hydrologic Impacts -- Imperviousness -- Increased Volume of Runoff -- 1.5 The Impacts of Development on the Hydrologic Cycle -- Reduced Groundwater Recharge -- Reduced Stream Base Flow -- Altered Stream Channel Morphology -- Water Supply Impacts -- 1.6 The Historic Approach: Detention System Design -- 1.7 Stormwater Volume Methodologies -- 2 Stormwater Hydrology and Quality -- 2.1 Overland Flow: The Beginning of Runoff -- 2.2 Regional Hydrology -- Wetlands -- First-Order Streams -- 2.3 Stormwater Volume -- 2.4 The Water Quality Impacts of Land Development -- Increased Pollutants in Urban Runoff -- 2.5 The Chemistry of Urban Runoff Pollution -- 2.6 Understanding Pollutant Transport in Stormwater -- Stormwater Quantity and Quality -- Particulates -- Solutes -- 3 Land as the Resource -- 3.1 Historic Patterns of Land Development -- 3.2 Sustainable Site Design -- 3.3 Watershed Setting and Physical Context -- 3.4 Smart Growth Issues -- Changes Related to Development -- 3.5 Conflict Between Desired Land Use and Sustainability -- 3.6 Physical Determinants of Land Development -- Geology -- Physiography -- Topography -- Soil and Subsurface Conditions -- 3.7 Urban Communities with Combined Sewer Overflows -- End of the Sewer -- Other Urban Infrastructure -- 3.8 The Living Building and Zero Net Water Use -- 4 The Planning Process for LID -- 4.1 Sustainable Site Planning Process with Stormwater Management -- Guideline 1: Understand the Site.

Guideline 2: Apply LID Conservation Design -- Guideline 3: Manage Rainfall Where It Originates -- Guideline 4: Design with Operation and Maintenance in Mind -- Guideline 5: Calculate Runoff Volume Increase and Water Quality Impacts -- 4.2 Overview of the Site Design Process for LID -- 5 The Legal Basis for LID: Regulatory Standards and LID Design Criteria -- 5.1 The Land-Water Legal Process -- Common Law -- Federal Water Quality Law -- Federal Land Use Law -- 5.2 The Evolution of Land Development Regulation -- 5.3 The Regulatory Framework -- Pennsylvania Land Use Law -- Pennsylvania Water Law -- California Land Use Law -- California Water Law -- 5.4 Stormwater Management Regulations -- Volume Control -- Volume Control Criteria -- Volume Control Guideline -- Peak-Rate Control Guideline -- Water Quality Protection Guideline -- Stormwater Standards for Special Areas -- Legal Implications of Green Infrastructure -- 6 LID Design Calculations and Methodology -- 6.1 Introduction to Stormwater Methodologies -- 6.2 Existing Methodologies for Runoff Volume Calculations Runoff Curve Number Method -- Small Storm Hydrology Method -- Infiltration Models for Runoff Calculations -- Urban Runoff Quality Management -- 6.3 Existing Methodologies for Peak-Rate/Hydrograph Estimates -- The Rational Method -- The NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method -- 6.4 Computer Models -- The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System -- The SCS/NRCS Models: WinTR-20 and WinTR-55 -- The Stormwater Management Model -- The Source Loading and Management Model -- Continuous Modeling -- 6.5 Precipitation Data for Stormwater Calculations -- 6.6 Accounting for the Benefits of LID: Linking Volume and Peak Rate -- 6.7 Recommended LID Stormwater Calculation Methodology -- Methods Involving No Routing -- Methods Involving Routing -- 6.8 Nonstructural BMP Credits -- 7 Design of LID Systems.

7.1 Nonstructural Measures -- Impervious Surface Reduction -- Limitation of Site Disturbance -- Site Design with Less Space -- 7.2 Structural Measures -- 7.3 Pervious Pavement with an Infiltration or Storage Bed -- Types of Porous Pavement -- Description and Function -- Pervious Bituminous Asphalt -- Pervious Portland Cement Concrete -- Pervious Paver Blocks -- Reinforced Turf -- Other Porous Surfaces -- Potential Applications -- Pervious Pavement Walkways (Concrete and Asphalt) -- Rooftop and Impervious Area Connections -- Water Quality Mitigation -- 7.4 Bioremediation -- Rain Garden: Design and Function -- Primary Components of a Rain Garden System -- 7.5 Vegetated Roof Systems -- Design and Function -- Design Elements of a Vegetated Roof System -- Types of Vegetated Roof Systems -- Dual Media with a Synthetic Retention Layer -- Potential Applications -- 7.6 Capture-Reuse -- Rain Barrels and Cisterns -- Vertical Storage -- 8 Structural Measures: Construction, Operation, and Maintenance -- 8.1 Porous Pavement Systems -- Construction -- Storage/Infiltration Bed Dimensions -- Construction Staging -- Operation and Maintenance -- Vacuuming -- Restoration of Porous Pavements -- Cost of Porous Pavement -- 8.2 Bioremediation Systems -- Rain Gardens -- Construction of a Rain Garden -- Maintenance of Rain Gardens -- Cost of Rain Gardens -- Vegetated Roof Systems -- Construction of a Vegetated Roof -- Maintenance of Vegetated Roofs -- Cost of Vegetated Roofs -- 8.3 Capture-Reuse Systems -- Construction -- Volume Reduction -- Peak-Rate Mitigation -- Water Quality Mitigation -- Appendix A: The Stormwater Calculation Process -- Appendix B: Case Studies -- B.1 The Transition from Research to Practice -- B.2 Manuals -- B.3 LID Manual for Michigan (2008) -- B.4 Models and Watershed Studies -- B.5 Design and Construction Projects -- Index.