Organic Electronics II -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Materials -- 1 Organic Semiconductor Materials for Transistors -- 1.1 General Considerations -- 1.2 Materials Properties of Organic Semiconductors -- 1.3 Small Molecule Semiconductors -- 1.3.1 Sexithiophene -- 1.3.2 Pentacene and Derivatives -- 1.4 Polymer Semiconductors -- 1.4.1 Thiophene-Based Polymers -- 1.4.1.1 Poly(3-Alkylthiophenes) -- 1.4.1.2 Thienothiophene Copolymers -- 1.4.1.3 pBTTT -- 1.5 Semiconductor Blends -- 1.6 Device Physics and Architecture -- 1.7 Summary -- References -- 2 Characterization of Order and Orientation in Semiconducting Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 X-Ray Diffraction -- 2.2.1 Thin-Film XRD -- 2.2.2 Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD) -- 2.3 Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy -- 2.3.1 Background and General Features of NEXAFS -- 2.3.1.1 NEXAFS Experimental Considerations -- 2.3.1.2 Chemistry Determination by NEXAFS -- 2.3.1.3 Orientation Analysis in Organic Semiconductors -- 2.3.2 Horizons for NEXAFS -- References -- 3 Charge Transport Theories in Organic Semiconductors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Well-Ordered Systems: Organic Single Crystals -- 3.2.1 General Conditions for Band Transport -- 3.2.2 Experimental Evidence for Band Transport in Organic Crystals -- 3.2.3 Band or Bandlike? -- 3.3 Disordered Materials -- 3.3.1 Different Types of Disorder -- 3.3.2 Effect of Disorder on Charge Transport -- 3.3.2.1 Dispersive and Nondispersive Transport -- 3.3.2.2 Transport Models -- 3.3.2.3 Computational Methods -- 3.3.2.4 Comparison with Experiments -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Silylethyne-Substituted Acenes and Heteroacenes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Silylethyne-Substituted Pentacenes -- 4.3 Crystal Packing -- 4.3.1 Properties of Silylethyne-Substituted Pentacenes.

4.3.2 Electronic Structure Studies -- 4.3.3 Device Studies -- 4.3.4 Blends of Silylethynyl Pentacenes and Polymers -- 4.3.5 Silylethyne Pentacene-Based Polymers -- 4.3.6 Organic Light Emitting Diodes and Photovoltaics Using Silylethynyl Pentacenes -- 4.3.7 Silylethynyl Pentacene n-Type Semiconductors -- 4.3.8 Other Silylethyne-Substituted Acenes in Organic Electronics -- 4.4 Heteroacenes -- 4.4.1 Silylethyne-Substituted Heteroacenes -- 4.4.2 Crystal Packing -- 4.4.3 Device Studies -- 4.4.4 Silylethynyl Heteroacenes for n-Type Applications -- 4.4.5 Blends of Silylethyne-Substituted Heteroacenes and Polymers -- 4.5 Silylethynyl Heteroacene-Based Polymers -- 4.6 Silylethynyl Heteroacene-Based Photovoltaics -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Conjugated Semiconductors for Organic n-Channel Transistors and Complementary Circuits -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basics of Field-Effect Transistors and Complementary Circuits -- 5.2.1 Field-Effect Transistors -- 5.2.2 Complementary Circuits -- 5.3 Material Design and Needs for n-Channel OTFTs -- 5.3.1 Electronic Structure -- 5.3.2 Contacts and Dielectric -- 5.4 n-Channel Semiconductors for OTFTs -- 5.4.1 Molecular Semiconductors -- 5.4.1.1 Phthalocyanine Derivatives -- 5.4.1.2 Thiophene Derivatives -- 5.4.1.3 Fullerenes -- 5.4.1.4 Rylene and Other Diimide Derivatives -- 5.4.1.5 Other Small Molecular n-Channel Semiconductors -- 5.4.2 Polymeric Semiconductors -- 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6 Low-Voltage Electrolyte-Gated OTFTs and Their Applications -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Introduction to Electrolyte-Gated Organic Transistors -- 6.2.1 Structure and Operating Mechanisms -- 6.2.2 The Development of Electrolyte-Gated Transistors -- 6.2.3 More on the Gating Mechanism in Electrolyte-Gated Transistors -- 6.2.4 Electrical Characterization of Electrolyte-Gated OTFTs -- 6.2.4.1 Low-Voltage Operation.

6.2.4.2 Use of a Reference Electrode -- 6.2.4.3 Determination of Accumulated Charge -- 6.2.4.4 Switching Time -- 6.2.5 Charge Transport at Ultrahigh Carrier Densities -- 6.3 Applications of Electrolyte-Gated Organic Transistors -- 6.3.1 Printable Low-Voltage Polymer Transistors and Circuits -- 6.3.2 Active-Matrix Display Backplanes -- 6.3.3 Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Chemical Sensors -- 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Part II Manufacturing -- 7 Printing Techniques for Thin-Film Electronics -- 7.1 The Motivation for Printing of Thin-Film Electronic Devices -- 7.2 Requirements for Printing Techniques for Electronics Fabrication -- 7.3 A Survey of Printing Techniques for Printed Electronics -- 7.3.1 Screen Printing -- 7.3.2 Gravure/Flexographic/Offset Printing -- 7.3.3 Ink-jet Printing -- 7.4 Pattern Formation During Printing -- 7.5 Printed Device Considerations -- References -- 8 Picoliter and Subfemtoliter Ink-jet Technologies for Organic Transistors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Silver Nanoparticle Ink -- 8.3 Ink-jet Technologies with Pico- and Subfemtoliter Accuracies -- 8.3.1 Picoliter Ink-jet Printing -- 8.3.2 Subfemtoliter Ink-jet -- 8.3.2.1 Ejection Mechanism -- 8.3.2.2 Subfemtoliter Droplets on Organic Semiconductors -- 8.4 Manufacturing Processes and Electrical Characteristics of Organic Transistors -- 8.4.1 Organic Transistors with Source/Drain Electrodes Printed Using Picoliter Ink-jet -- 8.4.1.1 Transistor Characteristics with Changing Droplet Volume -- 8.4.1.2 Printed Organic Transistor Active Matrix Using Picoliter Ink-jet -- 8.4.1.3 A Large-Area Pressure Sensor Sheet -- 8.4.2 Organic Transistors with Source/Drain Electrodes Printed Using Subfemtoliter Ink-jet -- 8.4.2.1 TFTs on Polyimide Gate Dielectric -- 8.4.2.2 TFTs with Self-Assembled Monolayer as a Very Thin Gate Dielectric.

8.5 Discussion and Future Prospects of Large-Area Printed Electronics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Ink-jet Printing of Downscaled Organic Electronic Devices -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ink-Jet Printing: Technologies, Tools, and Materials -- 9.2.1 Principle of Operation of Ink-Jet Printers -- 9.2.2 Continuous Ink-Jet Printing Technologies -- 9.2.2.1 Continuous Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.2.2 Aerosol Jet Printing -- 9.2.3 DOD Ink-Jet Printing Technologies -- 9.2.3.1 Thermal Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.3.2 Piezoelectric Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.3.3 Acoustic Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.3.4 Electrohydrodynamic-Jet (e-Jet) Printing -- 9.2.4 Conductive Inks for Ink-Jet Printing of Electrodes and Interconnections -- 9.2.5 Ink-Jet Printing of Organic Electronic Devices -- 9.2.5.1 Fabrication of OLEDs by Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.5.2 Fabrication of Organic Thin Film Transistors by Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.5.3 Fabrication of Organic Photovoltaic Cells by Ink-Jet Printing -- 9.2.5.4 Other Organic Devices -- 9.3 High-Resolution Printing of Highly Conductive Electrodes -- 9.3.1 Ink-Jet Printing of Narrow Linewidths -- 9.3.2 Ink-Jet Printing Assisted by Surface-Energy Patterns -- 9.3.3 Self-Aligned Printing -- 9.3.4 High Yield Printing of Single-Droplet Nanoscale Electrode Arrays -- 9.4 Printing of Downscaled Organic Thin Film Transistors -- 9.4.1 Downscaling Requirements -- 9.4.2 Gate Dielectrics for Downscaled Organic TFTs -- 9.4.2.1 High-k Dielectrics -- 9.4.2.2 Ultra-Thin Dielectrics -- 9.4.3 Organic TFTs Printed with Subfemtoliter Printer -- 9.4.4 Mask-Free, All Solution Processed SAP TFTs -- 9.4.5 Self-Aligned Gate Contacts for Fast-Switching Transistors -- 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Interplay between Processing, Structure, and Electronic Properties in Soluble Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductors -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Transport Limits in Crystalline Semiconductors -- 10.2.1 Crystallinity - Role of Structural Order -- 10.2.2 Grain Boundaries -- 10.2.3 Single Crystals - Model Systems to Study Intrinsic Properties of Organic Semiconductors -- 10.3 Structure-Processing-Properties Relationship in Small-Molecule Organic Thin-Film Transistors -- 10.3.1 Microstructure and Mobility -- 10.3.2 Controlling Film Morphology by Surface Chemical Modifications -- 10.3.3 Processing Parameters Affecting Electrical Properties -- 10.3.3.1 Deposition Method -- 10.3.3.2 Solvent -- 10.4 Advanced Film Processing -- 10.4.1 How Sensibility to Processing Details Can Be Advantageous -- 10.4.2 Solvent Annealing -- 10.4.3 Deposition under Solvent Vapors -- 10.4.4 Patterning Organic Thin-Film Transistors -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Part III Applications -- 11 Light-Emitting Organic Transistors -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Unipolar Light-Emitting FETs -- 11.3 Ambipolar Light-Emitting FETs -- 11.3.1 Ambipolar Device Characteristics -- 11.3.2 Ambipolar Blends with Bulk Heterojunctions -- 11.3.3 Double Layers and Lateral Heterojunctions -- 11.3.4 Single Semiconductor Ambipolar FETs -- 11.3.4.1 Intrinsic Ambipolar Transport in Organic Semiconductors -- 11.3.4.2 Ambipolar FETs with Asymmetric Electrodes -- 11.3.4.3 Ambipolar FETs with Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors -- 11.3.4.4 Ambipolar FETs with Bottom Contact/Top Gate Electrodes -- 11.3.5 Device Modeling -- 11.3.6 Toward Electrically Pumped Organic Lasers -- 11.4 Other Field-Effect-Based Light-Emitting Devices -- 11.4.1 Vertical Light-Emitting Transistors -- 11.4.2 Field-Effect Enhanced LEDs -- 11.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Design Methodologies for Organic RFID Tags and Sensor Readout on Foil -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Organic RFID Tags -- 12.2.1 Capacitively Coupled RFID Tags.

12.2.2 Inductively Coupled RFID Tags.