Carbofuran and Wildlife Poisoning: Global Perspectives and Forensic Approaches -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contributor Biographies -- 1: An overview of the chemistry, manufacture, environmental fate and detection of carbofuran -- 1.1: Introduction -- 1.2: The chemistry and mode of action of carbofuran -- 1.3: Manufacture and formulation of carbofuran -- 1.4: Carbofuran in the environment -- 1.4.1: Carbofuran precursors, metabolism and degradation products -- 1.5: Analytical methods used to detect carbofuran -- 1.5.1: Principles of chromatography -- 1.6: Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2: Carbofuran: Toxicity, diagnosing poisoning and rehabilitation of poisoned birds -- 2.1: Acute toxicity of carbofuran to birds and mammals -- 2.2: Exposure routes for the liquid formulation -- 2.3: Exposure routes for granular carbofuran formulations -- 2.3.1: Direct ingestion -- 2.3.2: Contaminated soil invertebrates -- 2.3.3: Contaminated soil/sediments -- 2.4: The time course of carbofuran intoxication -- 2.5: Physiological effects and signs of intoxication -- 2.6: Physical field evidence and necropsy findings in poisonings due to AChE inhibiting compounds with special emphasis on carbofuran -- 2.7: Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of a carbofuran kill -- 2.8: Rehabilitation of poisoned wildlife -- 2.9: Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3: A chronicling of long-standing carbofuran use and its menace to wildlife in Kenya -- 3.1: Introduction -- 3.2: Background on pesticide use and environmental monitoring in Kenya -- 3.2.1: Furadan use in rice farming: how carbofuran first gained entry into Kenya -- 3.2.2: Presence, persistence and degradation of carbofuran in Kenyan soils -- 3.2.3: General purchase and application of pesticides -- 3.2.4: General trends in use of pesticides in agricultural communities.

3.3: Measuring the conservation threat that deliberate poisoning poses tobirds in Kenya: The case of pesticide hunting with Furadan in the Bunyala Rice Irrigation Scheme -- 3.3.1: Introduction -- 3.3.2: Methodology -- 3.3.3: Results of the study -- 3.3.4: Discussion -- 3.3.5: General conclusions -- 3.4: The role of carbofuran in the decline of lions and other carnivores in Kenya -- 3.4.1: Background information -- 3.4.2: Use of poison to kill carnivores in Kenya -- 3.4.3: Methods used to assess repercussions to scavenging mammals -- 3.4.4: Results -- 3.4.5: Discussion -- 3.5: Threats of secondary Furadan poisoning to scavengers, especially vultures, in Kenya -- 3.5.1: Misuse of Furadan to control farm pests -- 3.5.2: Effects of Furadan on vulture populations in Kenya -- 3.6: Forensic analysis of carbofuran in vultures and environmental samples collected from Laikipia and Isiolo districts -- 3.6.1: Survey result -- 3.6.2: Analysis of environmental sample -- 3.6.3: Conclusions of the study -- 3.7: Repercussions of pesticides (including carbofuran) on nontarget, beneficial insects and use of insects in forensic analyses in Kenya -- 3.7.1: Studies on nontarget insects -- 3.7.2: Overview of insect diversity and abundance at amammalian carcass: the use of insects in upcoming forensic investigations in Kenya -- 3.8: Analytical, legal and regulatory mechanisms in Kenya -- 3.8.1: Analytical methodology required and research capacity available in Kenya -- 3.8.2: Legislation and regulation of pesticides in Kenya -- 3.9: General conclusions on carbofuran use, misuse and monitoring in Kenya -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4: Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and retaliatory poisonings in India to preserve biodiversity and maintain sustainable livelihoods -- 4.1: Introduction -- 4.2: Conservation measures and human-wildlife conflicts.

4.3: Types of human-wildlife conflict -- 4.4: Regulation and management of human-wildlife conflict -- 4.5: Use of carbofuran in India -- 4.6: Use of carbofuran in relation to other compounds -- 4.7: Diagnosing carbofuran poisoning in India -- 4.8: Forensic facilities and analyses in India -- 4.9: Case studies: use of carbofuran for poisoning in relation to other compounds -- 4.9.1: Accidental exposure -- 4.9.2: Misuse of carbofuran -- 4.9.3: Deliberate poisoning using carbofuran and other compounds -- 4.10: Potential short and long-term solutions -- 4.10.1: Alternatives to carbofuran -- 4.10.2: Should carbofuran be banned in India? -- 4.11: Mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts -- 4.11.1: Habitat conservation -- 4.11.2: Community-based solutions -- 4.11.3: Compensation for loss of property -- 4.12: Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5: Regulation of carbofuran and its use to poison wildlife in the European Union and the rest of Europe -- 5.1: Introduction -- 5.2: Intentional poisoning of piscivorous species and other wildlife with carbofuran in the Czech Republic -- 5.2.1: Introduction -- 5.2.2: Poisoning of wildlife by carbofuran and its detection within the Czech Republic -- 5.2.3: Legal and institutional framework against wildlife poisoning in the Czech Republic -- 5.3: Persecution and poisoning of birds of prey in the Netherlands -- 5.3.1: Introduction -- 5.3.2: The scale of carbofuran use to poison wildlife, especially birds of prey, in the Netherlands -- 5.3.3: Detection of carbofuran and other compounds in wildlife carcasses -- 5.3.4: Recommendations -- 5.4: Initiatives underway to protect wildlife from carbofuran poisoning in Austria -- 5.4.1: Introduction -- 5.4.2: Initiatives underway to generate awareness, about, and monitor incidents of, carbofuran-related wildlife mortality in Austria.

5.4.3: Toxicological analysis of wildlife carcasses in Austria -- 5.4.4: Conclusions -- 5.5: Use of specialised canine units to detect poisoned baits and recover forensic evidence in AndalucÌa (Southern Spain) -- 5.5.1: Introduction -- 5.5.2: Integration of canine units in the anti-poisoning strategy of the Government of AndalucÌa -- 5.5.3: Use of forensic procedures and techniques in the field and the laboratory -- 5.5.4: Conclusions -- 5.6: Sociopolitical and rural influences on the management and monitoring of carbofuran and its use to poison wildlife in Hungary -- 5.6.1: Introduction -- 5.6.2: Incidents of carbofuran-related wildlife mortality in Hungary -- 5.6.3: Analysis of wildlife samples for poisons and other incidents of poisoning in Hungary -- 5.6.4: Conclusions -- 5.7: Leisure-based human-wildlife conflicts arising from the introduction of game species and repercussions to vultures across Croatia -- 5.7.1: Introduction -- 5.7.2: Past registration and current use in Croatia -- 5.7.3: The use of carbofuran as a poison in relation to other compounds in Croatia -- 5.7.4: Threats to biodiversity, livelihoods and tourism on the Croatian islands -- 5.7.5: Nature protection and analytical capacity in Croatia -- 5.7.6: Recommended steps to address the current threat posed by carbofuran -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6: Perspectives on wildlife poisoning by carbofuran in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland - with a particular focus on Scotland -- 6.1: An overview of the registration and withdrawal of carbofuran products -- 6.2: An overview of human-wildlife conflicts in the UK and ROI -- 6.3: The effect of carbofuran poisoning and other illegal persecution methods on raptor populations in Scotland -- 6.4: A landowner's perspective on wildlife poisoning in Scotland -- 6.5: Monitoring carbofuran abuse in Scotland -- 6.5.1: Introduction.

6.5.2: The impact of carbofuran abuse in Scotland -- 6.5.3: Analytical methodology and recent developments -- 6.5.4: Conclusion and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7: A Latin American perspective: the environmental impact of farming wheat and rice treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds -- 7.1: Introduction -- 7.2: Materials and methods -- 7.3: Results and discussion: biological aspects of the environmental impact caused by carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds -- 7.3.1: Alternatives and mitigation -- 7.3.2: Avian mortality and some aspects that influence this estimate -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8: Impacts of carbofuran on birds in Canada and the United States -- 8.1: Introduction and short registration history of carbofuran in North America -- 8.2: Impacts from the sandcore (silica) granular formulations -- 8.2.1: Supervised field trials and surveillance exercises -- 8.2.2: Reported incidents where the product was applied according to label directions -- 8.3: Impacts from the corncob granular formulation -- 8.3.1: Supervised field trials -- 8.3.2: Reported incidents -- 8.4: Impacts from the flowable (liquid) formulation -- 8.4.1: Industry-supervised field trials -- 8.4.2: Field studies of carbofuran used as a grasshopper insecticide -- 8.4.3: Monitoring programmes in US cotton -- 8.4.4: Incidents -- 8.5: Evidence for secondary poisoning impacts with any formulation type -- 8.6: Impacts resulting from abuse cases regardless of formulation -- 8.7: Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9: Conclusions, recommendations and the way forward -- 9.1: Wildlife mortality stemming from intentional misuse and legal/labelled use of carbofuran -- 9.2: Overall recommendations and the way forward -- 9.2.1: Address and mitigate the root causes of human-wildlife conflict.

9.2.2: Increase grassroots educational initiatives.