Anion Coordination Chemistry -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Aspects of Anion Coordination from Historical Perspectives -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Halide and Pseudohalide Anions -- 1.3 Oxoanions -- 1.4 Phosphate and Polyphosphate Anions -- 1.5 Carboxylate Anions and Amino Acids -- 1.6 Anionic Complexes: Supercomplex Formation -- 1.7 Nucleotides -- 1.8 Final Notes -- References -- 2 Thermodynamic Aspects of Anion Coordination -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Parameters Determining the Stability of Anion Complexes -- 2.2.1 Type of Binding Group: Noncovalent Forces in Anion Coordination -- 2.2.2 Charge of Anions and Receptors -- 2.2.3 Number of Binding Groups -- 2.2.3.1 Additivity of Noncovalent Forces -- 2.2.4 Preorganization -- 2.2.4.1 Macrocyclic Effect -- 2.2.5 Solvent Effects -- 2.3 Molecular Recognition and Selectivity -- 2.4 Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions in Anion Coordination -- References -- 3 Structural Aspects of Anion Coordination Chemistry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Concepts of Anion Coordination Chemistry -- 3.3 Classes of Anion Hosts -- 3.4 Acycles -- 3.4.1 Bidentate -- 3.4.2 Tridentate -- 3.4.3 Tetradentate -- 3.4.4 Pentadentate -- 3.4.5 Hexadentate -- 3.5 Monocycles -- 3.5.1 Bidentate -- 3.5.2 Tridentate -- 3.5.3 Tetradentate -- 3.5.4 Pentadentate -- 3.5.5 Hexadentate -- 3.5.6 Octadentate -- 3.5.7 Dodecadentate -- 3.6 Cryptands -- 3.6.1 Bidentate -- 3.6.2 Tridentate -- 3.6.3 Tetradentate -- 3.6.4 Pentadentate -- 3.6.5 Hexadentate -- 3.6.6 Septadentate -- 3.6.7 Octadentate -- 3.6.8 Nonadentate -- 3.6.9 Decadentate -- 3.6.10 Dodecadentate -- 3.7 Transition-Metal-Assisted Ligands -- 3.7.1 Bidentate -- 3.7.2 Tridentate -- 3.7.3 Tetradentate -- 3.7.4 Hexadentate -- 3.7.5 Septadentate -- 3.7.6 Dodecadentate -- 3.8 Lewis Acid Ligands -- 3.8.1 Transition Metal Cascade Complexes.

3.8.2 Other Lewis Acid Donor Ligands -- 3.8.2.1 Boron-Based Ligands -- 3.8.2.2 Tin-Based Ligands -- 3.8.2.3 Hg-Based Ligands -- 3.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Synthetic Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Design and Synthesis of Polyamine-Based Receptors for Anions -- 4.2.1 Acyclic Polyamine Receptors -- 4.2.2 Tripodal Polyamine Receptors -- 4.2.3 Macrocyclic Polyamine Receptors with Aliphatic Skeletons -- 4.2.4 Macrocyclic Receptors Incorporating a Single Aromatic Unit -- 4.2.5 Macrocyclic Receptors Incorporating Two Aromatic Units -- 4.2.6 Anion Receptors Containing Separated Macrocyclic Binding Units -- 4.2.7 Cryptands -- 4.3 Design and Synthesis of Amide Receptors -- 4.3.1 Acid Halides as Starting Materials -- 4.3.1.1 Acyclic Amide Receptors -- 4.3.1.2 Macrocyclic Amide Receptors -- 4.3.2 Esters as Starting Materials -- 4.3.3 Using Coupling Reagents -- References -- 5 Template Synthesis -- 5.1 Introductory Remarks -- 5.2 Macrocyclic Systems -- 5.3 Bowl-Shaped Systems -- 5.4 Capsule, Cage, and Tube-Shaped Systems -- 5.5 Circular Helicates and meso-Helicates -- 5.6 Mechanically Linked Systems -- 5.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Anion-ð Interactions in Molecular Recognition -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Nature of the Interaction -- 6.3 Energetic and Geometric Features of the Interaction Depending on the Host (Aromatic Moieties) and the Guest (Anions) -- 6.4 Influence of Other Noncovalent Interactions on the Anion-ð Interaction -- 6.4.1 Interplay between Cation-ð and Anion-ð Interactions -- 6.4.2 Interplay between ð-ð and Anion-ð Interactions -- 6.4.3 Interplay between Anion-ð and Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions -- 6.4.4 Influence of Metal Coordination on the Anion-ð Interaction -- 6.5 Experimental Examples of Anion-ð Interactions in the Solid State and in Solution -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- References.

7 Receptors for Biologically Relevant Anions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Phosphate Receptors -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Phosphate, Pyrophosphate, Triphosphate -- 7.2.3 Nucleotides -- 7.2.4 Phosphate Esters -- 7.2.5 Polynucleotides -- 7.3 Carboxylate Receptors -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Acetate -- 7.3.3 Di- and Tricarboxylates -- 7.3.4 Amino Acids -- 7.3.5 Peptide C-Terminal Carboxylates -- 7.3.6 Peptide Side-Chain Carboxylates -- 7.3.7 Sialic Acids -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Synthetic Amphiphilic Peptides that Self-Assemble to Membrane-Active Anion Transporters -- 8.1 Introduction and Background -- 8.2 Biomedical Importance of Chloride Channels -- 8.2.1 A Natural Chloride Complexing Agent -- 8.3 The Development of Synthetic Chloride Channels -- 8.3.1 Cations, Anions, Complexation, and Transport -- 8.3.2 Anion Complexation Studies -- 8.3.3 Transport of Ions -- 8.3.4 Synthetic Chloride Transporters -- 8.4 Approaches to Synthetic Chloride Channels -- 8.4.1 Tomich's Semisynthetic Peptides -- 8.4.2 Cyclodextrin as a Synthetic Channel Design Element -- 8.4.3 Azobenzene as a Photo-Switchable Gate -- 8.4.4 Calixarene-Derived Chloride Transporters -- 8.4.5 Oligophenylenes and ð-Slides -- 8.4.6 Cholapods as Ion Transporters -- 8.4.7 Transport Mediated by Isophthalamides and Dipicolinamides -- 8.5 The Development of Amphiphilic Peptides as Anion Channels -- 8.5.1 The Bilayer Membrane -- 8.5.2 Initial Design Criteria for Synthetic Anion Transporters (SATs) -- 8.5.3 Synthesis of the N-Terminal Anchor Module -- 8.5.4 Preparation of the Heptapeptide -- 8.5.5 Initial Assessment of Ion Transport -- 8.6 Structural Variations in the SAT Modular Elements -- 8.6.1 Variations in the N-Terminal Anchor Chains -- 8.6.2 Anchoring Effect of the C-Terminal Residue -- 8.6.3 Studies of Variations in the Peptide Module.

8.6.3.1 Structural Variations in the Heptapeptide -- 8.6.3.2 Variations in the Gly-Pro Peptide Length and Sequence -- 8.6.4 Variations in the Anchor Chain to Peptide Linker Module -- 8.6.5 Covalent Linkage of SATs: Pseudo-Dimers -- 8.6.6 Chloride Binding by the Amphiphilic Heptapeptides -- 8.6.7 The Effect on Transport of Charged Sidechains -- 8.6.8 Fluorescent Probes of SAT Structure and Function -- 8.6.8.1 Aggregation in Aqueous Suspension and in the Bilayer -- 8.6.8.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Studies -- 8.6.8.3 Insertion of SATs into the Bilayer -- 8.6.8.4 Position of SATs in the Bilayer -- 8.6.9 Self-Assembly Studies of the Amphiphiles -- 8.6.10 The Biological Activity of Amphiphilic Peptides -- 8.6.11 Nontransporter, Membrane-Active Compounds -- 8.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Anion Sensing by Fluorescence Quenching or Revival -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Anion Recognition by Dynamic and Static Quenching of Fluorescence -- 9.3 Fluorescent Sensors Based on Anthracene and on a Polyamine Framework -- 9.4 Turning on Fluorescence with the Indicator Displacement Approach -- 9.4.1 Epilog -- References -- Index.