Pragmatics in Practice -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- 1. Praxis -- 2. Practical linguistics -- 3. Pragmatics in practice' -- 3.1 Everyday language use in practice -- 3.2 Language and ethics -- 3.3 Pragmatic adaptability in practice -- 3.4 Linguistics 'applied' -- 4. Towards responsibility in practice -- Reference -- Applied Linguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The educational setting -- 2.1 Child language and early literacy -- 2.2 Classroom interaction -- 2.3 Second and foreign language learning -- 2.4 Teaching methodology and language testing -- 2.5 Schooling and society -- 3. The economic-technical setting -- 3.1 Improving written documents -- 3.2 Studies of discourse in organizations -- 4. Legal and bureaucratic settings -- 4.1 Comprehensibility of legal and bureaucratic language -- 4.2 Asymmetries in court and police encounters -- 4.3 Forensic linguistics -- 5. The medical-social setting -- 6. The workplace -- 6.1 Workplace interaction -- 6.2 Conflicts and negotiations -- 6.3 Discourse and technology -- 7. Science and the academic setting -- 7.1 The sociological-rhetorical study of scientific discourse -- 7.2 The study of academic genres and writing -- 7.3 Spoken discourse within academia -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Authenticity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical background -- 3. Understanding the concept -- 3.1 Properties of authenticity -- 3.2 Establishing authenticity -- 3.3 Experiencing authenticity -- 4. Authenticity and language -- 4.1 The Romantic legacy -- 4.2 Authenticating language -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Clinical Pragmatics -- 1. The scope of clinical pragmatics -- 2. Theoretical issues -- 2.1 Is pragmatic impairment a neurological, cognitive or behavioural phenomenon? -- 2.2 Modular vs interactionist theories of pragmatic impairment.

3. Describing pragmatic impairment -- 3.1 Pragmatic profiles -- 3.2 Pragmatic theories and frameworks -- 3.3 Neuropragmatics -- 3.4 Cognitive pragmatics -- 4. The range of pragmatic impairments -- 4.1 Primary pragmatic impairment -- 4.1.1 Right hemisphere damage -- 4.1.2 Traumatic brain injury -- 4.1.3 Dementia -- 4.1.4 Schizophrenia -- 4.1.5 Autistic spectrum disorder -- 4.2 Secondary pragmatic impairment -- 4.2.1 Nonfluent aphasia -- 4.2.2 Fluent aphasia -- 4.2.3 Specific Language Impairment -- 4.2.4 Sensorimotor dysfunction -- 5. Clinical pragmatics and pragmatic theory -- Reference -- Computer-mediated communication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. CMC between speaking and writing -- 3. Play and performance -- 4. Communities -- 5. Self-presentation and identities -- 6. Conclusion -- Reference -- Contrastive analysis. -- 1. The contrastive enterprise -- 2. The unit of comparison -- 3. The method -- 4. The scope -- 5. Macro-Contrastive Analysis -- 6. Applications -- Reference -- Corpus analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corpus design and typology -- 3. Corpus use and annotation -- 4. Some websites and journals -- 4.1 Corpus distribution centres -- 4.2 General information with links to other sites -- 4.3 Corpora -- 4.4 Software -- 4.5 Journals -- Reference -- Emphasis -- 1. Definition, problems -- 2. Emphasis in rhetoric and stylistics -- background norm, markedness, salience -- 3. Resources of emphasis -- 4. Practices of emphasizing -- 5. Resources and practices of emphasis beyond language -- 6. Emphasis on the social macro level, further questions -- Reference -- Error analysis. -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identification of errors -- 3. Description and classification of errors -- 4. Explanation of errors -- 5. Limitations -- Reference -- General semantics -- Reference -- Irony -- 1. Definitions of irony -- 2. Irony comprehension -- 3. The function(s) of irony.

4. Irony processing in partial implementation -- 4.1 Developmental aspects of irony comprehension -- 4.2 Hemispheric perspectives of irony comprehension -- 5. Future avenues of research -- Reference -- Language ecology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diversities - definitions, status and threats -- 2.1 Linguistic diversity -- 2.2 Biological/ecological diversity -- 2.3 Threats to diversities -- 3. Relationships between linguistic diversity and biodiversity -- 3.1 A correlational relationship -- 3.2 Towards causality in biocultural/biolinguistic relationships -- 3.3 Traditional ecological knowledge encoded in small (indigenous and local) languages and its disappearance -- 3.4 Processes in the disappearance of traditional knowledge through hierarchisation of languages and knowledges in education -- 4. Work to counteract ecolinguistic threats and promote the survival of diversities -- 5. To conclude -- Reference -- Language policy, language planning and standardization -- 1. Introduction and definitions -- 2. Language choice -- 3. Standardization -- 4. The social context of policy decisions -- 5. Conclusion -- Reference -- Language and the law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodologies and data sources -- 3. Legal discourse -- 3.1 Turn-taking and question-answer sequences -- 3.2 Legal-lay discourse -- 3.3 Legal discourse in intercultural and multilingual contexts -- 4. Speech act theory and Grice's theory of conversational implicature -- 5. Conclusion -- Reference -- Literacy -- 1. Literacy versus illiteracy - Literacy versus orality: Are these oppositions? -- 2. Alternative literacies -- 3. Literacy and social memory: The great divide in social organization -- 4. Literacy and thought: Issues of the transmission of knowledge -- 5. Literacies of schooling or a 'schooled literacy' -- 6. The language of literacy: Standard language or World languages?.

7. The oral-written language: A continuum or a difference -- 8. New directions in literacy studies -- 8.1 The new literacy studies -- 8.2 Textual domains and new media of communication -- 8.3 Scriptal Economies and the politics of written language -- Reference -- Mass media -- 1. Introduction and definition -- 2. The communicative situation -- 2.1 Producers -- 2.2 Periodicity and accessibility -- 2.3 Recipients -- 2.4 Interaction and interactivity -- 2.5 Delinearization and modularization -- 3. Manipulation and ideology -- 4. Conversations for an overhearing audience -- 4.1 Pragmatic reliability of data -- 4.2 Typology of dialogues for an overhearing audience -- 5. Diachronic aspects -- Reference -- Rhetoric -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The legacy of ancient rhetoric -- 2.1 Rhetoric in antiquity -- 2.2 Rhetoric from ancient to modern times -- 3. Contemporary rhetoric -- 3.1 The new rhetoric of Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca -- 3.2 New rhetoric as scientific rhetoric -- 3.3 Normative approaches to rhetoric and argumentation -- 4. Fields of rhetoric -- 4.1 Techniques of argumentation -- 4.2 Techniques of formulation -- 4.3 Techniques of performance -- 5. The social macro-context of rhetoric -- 6. Rhetoric and other fields -- Reference -- Signed language pragmatics -- 1. The world's signed languages -- 1.1 Language and its expression -- 2. Subjectivity -- 3. Speech acts -- 3.1 Direct speech acts -- 3.2 Performatives -- 3.3 Indirect speech acts -- 4. Modality as an expression of subjectivity -- 4.1 Agent-ori­ented uses in ASL -- 4.2 Epistemic uses and the role of syntax -- 4.3 Negative modal concepts -- 4.4 Historical sources and grammaticization -- 5. Information flow -- 5.1 Topic and constituent type -- 5.2 Topic-comment structure -- 5.3 Grammatical topics -- 5.4 Tiered topics and topic scope -- 5.5 Topic shift -- 6. Pragmatics and other signed languages.

Reference -- Stylistics -- 1. Literary stylistics -- 2. General stylistics -- 3. Conclusion -- Reference -- Translation studies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic approaches -- 3. Textlinguistic approaches -- 4. Functionalist approaches -- 5. Descriptive Translation Studies and Cultural Studies -- 6. Psycholinguistic approaches to translation, machine (assisted) translation, corpus studies, (multi)media translation, sociological approaches -- 7. Conclusion -- Reference -- Index.