Foam Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications -- Contents -- About the Editor -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Gas-Liquid Foam in Products and Processes -- 1.2 Content of This Volume -- 1.3 A Personal View of Collaboration in Foam Research -- Part I Fundamentals -- 2 Foam Morphology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Rules of Foam Morphology -- 2.2.1 Foams, Wet and Dry -- 2.2.2 The Dry Limit -- 2.2.3 The Wet Limit -- 2.2.4 Between the Two Limits -- 2.3 Two-dimensional Foams -- 2.3.1 The Dry Limit in 2D -- 2.3.2 The Wet Limit in 2D -- 2.3.3 Between the Two Limits in 2D -- 2.4 Ordered Foams -- 2.4.1 Two Dimensions -- 2.4.2 Three Dimensions -- 2.5 Disordered Foams -- 2.6 Statistics of 3D Foams -- 2.7 Structures in Transition: Instabilities and Topological Changes -- 2.8 Other Types of Foams -- 2.8.1 Emulsions -- 2.8.2 Biological Cells -- 2.8.3 Solid Foams -- 2.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Foam Drainage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geometric Considerations -- 3.3 A Drained Foam -- 3.4 The Continuity Equation -- 3.5 Interstitial Flow -- 3.6 Forced Drainage -- 3.7 Rigid Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes: The Original Foam Drainage Equation -- 3.8 Mobile Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes -- 3.9 Neglecting Channels: The Node-dominated Model -- 3.10 The Network Model: Combining Nodes and Channels -- 3.11 The Carman - Kozeny Approach -- 3.12 Interpreting Forced Drainage Experiments: A Detailed Look -- 3.13 Unresolved Issues -- 3.14 A Brief History of Foam Drainage -- References -- 4 Foam Ripening -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Very Wet Limit -- 4.3 The Very Dry Limit -- 4.3.1 Inter-bubble Gas Diffusion through Thin Films -- 4.3.2 von Neumann Ripening for 2D Foams -- 4.3.3 3D Coarsening -- 4.4 Wet Foams -- 4.5 Controlling the Coarsening Rate -- 4.5.1 Gas Solubility -- 4.5.2 Resistance to Gas Permeation.

4.5.3 Shell Mechanical Strength -- 4.5.4 Bulk Modulus -- References -- 5 Coalescence in Foams -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Stability of Isolated Thin Films -- 5.2.1 Experimental Studies Dealing with Isolated Thin Liquid Films -- 5.2.2 Theoretical Description of the Rupture of an Isolated Thin Liquid Film -- 5.3 Structure and Dynamics of Foam Rupture -- 5.4 What Are the Key Parameters in the Coalescence Process? -- 5.5 How Do We Explain the Existence of a Critical Liquid Fraction? -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Foam Rheology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Main Experimental and Theoretical Approaches -- 6.3 Foam Visco-elasticity -- 6.3.1 Linear Elasticity -- 6.3.2 Non-linear Elasticity -- 6.3.3 Linear Relaxations -- 6.3.4 Shear Modulus of Particle-laden Foams -- 6.4 Yielding -- 6.5 Plastic Flow -- 6.6 Viscous Dissipation in Steadily Sheared Foams -- 6.6.1 Predominant Viscous Friction in the Foam Films -- 6.6.2 Predominant Viscous Friction in the Surfactant Adsorption Layer -- 6.7 Foam-Wall Viscous Friction -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 7 Particle Stabilized Foams -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A Summary of Some Empirical Observations -- 7.3 On the Thermodynamic Stability of Particle Stabilized Foams -- 7.4 On the Ability of Particles to Stabilize Foams during Their Production -- 7.5 Design Rules for Particle Stabilized Foams -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Pneumatic Foam -- 8.1 Preamble -- 8.2 Vertical Pneumatic Foam -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 The Hydrodynamics of Vertical Pneumatic Foam -- 8.2.3 The 'Vertical Foam Misapprehension' -- 8.2.4 Bubble Size Distributions in Foam -- 8.2.5 Non-overflowing Pneumatic Foam -- 8.2.6 The Influence of Humidity upon Pneumatic Foam with a Free Surface -- 8.2.7 Wet Pneumatic Foam and Flooding -- 8.2.8 Shear Stress Imparted by the Column Wall.

8.2.9 Changes in Flow Cross-sectional Area -- 8.3 Horizontal Flow of Pneumatic Foam -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Lemlich's Observations -- 8.3.3 Wall-slip and Velocity Profiles -- 8.3.4 Horizontal Flow Regimes -- 8.4 Pneumatic Foam in Inclined Channels -- 8.5 Methods of Pneumatic Foam Production -- Nomenclature -- References -- 9 Non-aqueous Foams: Formation and Stability -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Foam Formation and Structures -- 9.1.2 Foam Stability -- 9.2 Phase Behavior of Diglycerol Fatty Acid Esters in Oils -- 9.3 Non-aqueous Foaming Properties -- 9.3.1 Effect of Solvent Molecular Structure -- 9.3.2 Effect of Surfactant Concentration -- 9.3.3 Effect of Hydrophobic Chain Length of Surfactant -- 9.3.4 Effect of Headgroup Size of Surfactant -- 9.3.5 Effect of Temperature -- 9.3.6 Effect of Water Addition -- 9.3.7 Non-aqueous Foam Stabilization Mechanism -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Suprafroth: Ageless Two-dimensional Electronic Froth -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Intermediate State in Type-I Superconductors -- 10.3 Observation and Study of the Tubular Intermediate State Patterns -- 10.4 Structural Statistical Analysis of the Suprafroth -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Applications -- 11 Froth Phase Phenomena in Flotation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Froth Stability -- 11.3 Hydrodynamic Condition of the Froth -- 11.4 Detachment of Particles from Bubbles -- 11.5 Gangue Recovery -- 11.6 The Velocity Field of Froth Bubbles -- 11.7 Plant Experience of Froth Flotation -- 11.7.1 Introduction -- 11.7.2 Frother-constrained Plant -- 11.7.3 Sampling, Data Manipulation and Data Presentation -- 11.7.4 Process Control -- 11.7.5 The Assessment of Newly Proposed Flotation Equipment -- 11.7.6 Conclusions about Froth Flotation Drawn from Plant Experience -- Nomenclature -- References.

12 Froth Flotation of Oil Sand Bitumen -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Oil Sands -- 12.3 Mining and Slurrying -- 12.4 Froth Structure -- 12.5 Physical Properties of Froths -- 12.6 Froth Treatment -- 12.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Foams in Enhancing Petroleum Recovery -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Foam Applications for the Upstream Petroleum Industry -- 13.2.1 Selection of Foam-Forming Surfactants -- 13.3 Foam Applications in Wells and Near Wells -- 13.3.1 Drilling and Completion Foams -- 13.3.2 Well Stimulation Foams: Fracturing, Acidizing, and Unloading -- 13.4 Foam Applications in Reservoir Processes -- 13.4.1 Reservoir Recovery Background -- 13.4.2 Foam Applications in Primary and Secondary Oil Recovery -- 13.4.3 Foam Applications in Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery -- 13.5 Occurrences of Foams at the Surface and Downstream -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Foam Fractionation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Adsorption in Foam Fractionation -- 14.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics at Quiescent Interface -- 14.2.2 Adsorption at Dynamic Interfaces -- 14.3 Foam Drainage -- 14.4 Coarsening and Foam Stability -- 14.5 Foam Fractionation Devices and Process Intensification -- 14.5.1 Limitations of Conventional Columns -- 14.5.2 Process Intensification Devices -- 14.6 Concluding Remarks about Industrial Practice -- Nomenclature -- References -- 15 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Foam -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Non-overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices -- 15.3 Overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices -- 15.4 The Waldhof Fermentor -- 15.5 Induced Air Methods -- 15.6 Horizontal Foam Contacting -- 15.7 Calculation of Specific Interfacial Area in Foam -- 15.8 Hydrodynamics of Pneumatic Foam -- 15.9 Mass Transfer and Equilibrium Considerations -- 15.9.1 Gas-Liquid Equilibrium -- 15.9.2 Rate of Mass Transfer -- 15.9.3 Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficient.

15.10 Towards an Integrated Model of Foam Gas-Liquid Contactors -- 15.11 Discussion and Future Directions -- Nomenclature -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Foams in Glass Manufacturing -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 The Glass Melting Process -- 16.1.2 Melting Chemistry and Refining -- 16.1.3 Motivations -- 16.2 Glass Foams in Glass Melting Furnaces -- 16.2.1 Primary Foam -- 16.2.2 Secondary Foam -- 16.2.3 Reboil -- 16.2.4 Parameters Affecting Glass Foaming -- 16.3 Physical Phenomena -- 16.3.1 Glass Foam Physics -- 16.3.2 Surface Active Agents and Surface Tension of Gas/Melt Interface -- 16.3.3 Drainage and Stability of a Single Molten Glass Film -- 16.3.4 Gas Bubbles in Molten Glass -- 16.4 Experimental Studies -- 16.4.1 Introduction -- 16.4.2 Transient Primary and Secondary Glass Foams -- 16.4.3 Steady-state Glass Foaming by Gas Injection -- 16.5 Modeling -- 16.5.1 Introduction -- 16.5.2 Dynamic Foam Growth and Decay -- 16.5.3 Steady-state Glass Foams -- 16.5.4 Experiments and Model Limitations -- 16.6 Measures for Reducing Glass Foaming in Glass Melting Furnaces -- 16.6.1 Batch Composition -- 16.6.2 Batch Conditioning and Heating -- 16.6.3 Furnace Temperature -- 16.6.4 External and Temporary Actions -- 16.6.5 Atmosphere Composition and Flame Luminosity -- 16.6.6 Control Foaming in Reduced-pressure Refining -- 16.7 Perspective and Future Research Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fire-fighting Foam Technology -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 History -- 17.3 Applications -- 17.3.1 Foam Market -- 17.3.2 Hardware -- 17.4 Physical Properties -- 17.4.1 Mechanism of Action -- 17.4.2 Class A Foams -- 17.4.3 Class B Foams -- 17.5 Chemical Properties -- 17.5.1 Ingredients and Purpose -- 17.5.2 Example Recipes -- 17.6 Testing -- 17.6.1 Lab Test Methods -- 17.6.2 Fire Test Standards -- 17.7 The Future -- Acknowledgements -- References.

18 Foams in Consumer Products.