Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. A Brief Introduction to Vortex Dynamics and Turbulence H. Keith Moffatt -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vorticity and the Biot-Savart Law -- 3. The Euler Equation and its Invariants -- 4. The Stretched Vortex of Burgers (1948) -- 5. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability -- 6. Transient Instability and Streamwise Vortices -- 7. Turbulence, Viewed as a Random Field of Vorticity -- 8. The Kolmogorov-Obukhov Energy-Cascade Theory -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2. Geophysical and Environmental Fluid Dynamics Tieh-Yong Koh and Paul F. Linden -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stratified Flows -- 2.1. Surface Gravity Waves -- 2.1.1. Dimensional analysis -- 2.1.2. Exact dispersion relation -- 2.2. Froude Number -- 2.3. Stratification and Buoyancy Frequency -- 2.4. Internal Gravity Waves -- 2.5. Mountain Waves -- 2.6. Mass, Momentum and Energy Fluxes -- 3. Convection -- 3.1. Unstable Stratification -- 3.2. Parcel Argument -- 3.3. Dimensional Analysis -- 3.3.1. Rayleigh number -- 3.4. Convection Strength -- 3.5. High Rayleigh Number -- 3.6. Very High Rayleigh Number -- 4. Plumes -- 4.1. Plumes-Dimensional Analysis -- 4.2. Entrainment -- 4.2.1. Entrainment assumption -- 4.3. Self-similarity -- 4.4. Plume Rise in a Stratified Fluid -- 4.4.1. Dimensional analysis -- 4.4.2. Impact on the external environment - the "filling box" -- 4.5. Fires -- 5. Gravity Currents -- 5.1. Horizontal Stratification -- 5.2. Gravity Currents -- 5.2.1. Dimensional analysis -- 5.2.1.1. Constant velocity phase -- 5.2.1.2. Similarity phase -- 5.2.2. Laboratory verification -- 5.3. The Front Froude Number -- 6. Rotating Flows -- 6.1. Rotating Frame and the Coriolis Force -- 6.2. Inertial Oscillations -- 6.3. Rossby Radius of Deformation and Eddies -- 6.4. Buoyancy-Driven Coastal Currents -- References -- 3. Weather and Climate Emily Shuckburgh -- 1. Introduction.

2. Forcing of the Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation -- 2.1. Atmospheric Properties -- 2.2. Solar Forcing -- 2.3. Greenhouse Effect -- 2.4. Radiative Transfer -- 2.5. Climate Change -- 2.6. Further Atmospheric Properties -- 2.7. Oceanic Properties -- 2.8. Ocean Forcing -- 3. Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Oceans -- 3.1. Role of Dynamics -- 3.2. Rotating Fluids -- 3.3. Weather and Climate Models -- 3.4. Dynamical Processes -- 3.5. General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 3.6. Ocean Circulation -- 3.7. Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 4. Dynamics of the Indian and Pacific Oceans Swadhin Behera and Toshio Yamagata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Tropical Climate Modes -- 2.1. The ENSO -- 2.2. The ENSO Modoki -- 2.2.1. Ocean-atmosphere coupling -- 2.2.2. ENSO Modoki vs ENSO impacts -- 2.3. The Indian Ocean Dipole -- 2.3.1. Ocean-atmosphere coupling -- 2.3.2. Triggering and termination processes -- 2.3.3. IOD impacts -- 2.3.4. IOD predictions -- 3. IOD, ENSO and ENSO Modoki Interactions -- 4. Discussions -- References -- 5. The Hurricane-Climate Connection Kerry Emanuel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tropical Cyclone Variability in the Instrumental Record -- 3. Paleotempestology -- 4. Attribution -- 5. Simulating Global Warming Effects on Tropical Cyclones -- 6. Effect of Tropical Cyclones on Climate -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6. Transport and Mixing of Atmospheric Pollutants Peter H. Haynes -- 1. Motivation -- 2. Transport and Mixing in the Atmosphere -- 3. Fundamentals of Transport and Mixing -- 3.1. Definitions -- 3.2. Evolution Equations -- 3.3. Stretching in Linear Flows -- 3.4. The Relation Between Stretching and Mixing -- 3.5. "Type I" and "Type II" Flows -- 3.6. Stirring and Transport in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Flows -- 4. Modeling Approaches -- 5. Examples.

5.1. The 2000 ACTO Campaign - Combining Chemical Measurements and Backward Trajectory Calculations -- 5.2. "Around the World in 17 Days" - Transport of Smoke From Russian Forest Fires (Damoah et al., 2004) -- 5.3. "Observational and Modeling Analysis of a Severe Air Pollution Episode in Western Hong Kong" (Fung et al., 2005) -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- 7. Extreme Rain Events in Mid-Latitudes Gerd Tetzla., Janek Zimmer, and Robin Faulwetter -- 1. Motivation -- 2. Climatic Setting -- 3. Horizontal Energy Transport in the Atmosphere -- 4. Rain Making -- 5. Baroclinic Instability and the Synoptic Scale -- 6. Horizontal Wind Speed and Wind Divergence -- 7. Propagation Speed of Synoptic Weather Systems -- 8. Conceptual Results for Rain -- 9. Three Historical Mid-Latitude Extreme Rain Events -- 9.1. Central Europe: Elbe 2002 -- 9.2. England 2007 -- 9.3. Mississippi 1993 -- 10. Orographic Precipitation Modeling -- 10.1. Non-Hydrostatic Numerical Modeling: The Meso-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction Model COSMO -- 10.1.1. Basic equations -- 10.1.2. Physical parametrizations -- 10.1.3. Microphysics -- 10.1.4. Convection - parametrized vs. explicit -- 10.1.5. Turbulence -- 10.2. Sensitivity Studies of Orographic Precipitation Using the COSMO Model -- 10.3. Estimating Maximum Orographic Precipitation -- 11. Convective Precipitation -- 11.1. Mesoscale Convective Systems -- 12. Conclusion -- References -- 8. Dynamics of Hydro-Meteorological and Environmental Hazards A. W. Jayawardena -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hydro-Meteorology -- 2.1. Weather -- 2.1.1. Weather charts -- 2.1.2. Atmospheric properties -- 2.1.3. Energy in the atmosphere -- 2.1.4. Water vapor in the atmosphere -- 2.2. Atmospheric Circulation -- 2.2.1. Forces in the atmosphere -- 2.2.2. Equations of motion -- 2.2.3. Synoptic scales of motion -- 2.2.4. Small-scale motion.

2.2.5. General Circulation Models (GCM's) -- 2.3. Weather Systems -- 2.3.1. Scales of meteorological phenomena -- 2.3.2. Monsoons -- 2.4. Extreme Weather -- 2.4.1. Cyclones -- 2.4.2. Tornadoes -- 2.4.3. Thunderstorms -- 2.4.4. Tropical depressions and storms -- 3. Hydrology -- 4. Dynamics of Water-related Environmental Hazards -- 4.1. Dynamics of Well-mixed Waterbodies -- 4.1.1. Step function input -- 4.1.2. Periodic input function -- 4.1.3. Impulse input -- 4.1.4. Arbitrary input -- 4.2. Dissolved Oxygen Systems -- 4.3. Water Quality in Rivers and Streams -- 4.3.1. Point sources -- 4.3.2. Unsteady state non-dispersive systems -- 4.3.3. Unsteady state dispersive systems -- 4.4. General Purpose Water Quality Models -- 4.4.1. Enhanced stream water quality model (QUAL2E) -- 4.4.2. Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) -- 4.4.3. One dimensional riverine hydrodynamic and water quality model (EPD-RIV1) -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9. Tsunami Modeling and Forecasting Techniques Pavel Tkalich and Dao My Ha -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tsunami Modeling -- 2.1. The First Scientific Encounter of Solitons -- 2.2. Behavior of Solitons -- 2.3. Derivation of Boussinesq-Type and KdV Equations -- 2.4. Importance of Various Phenomena for Tsunami Propagation, A Sensitivity Analysis -- 3. Tsunami Forecasting -- 3.1. Tsunami Source Estimation -- 3.2. Quick Tsunami Forecasting Techniques -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 10. Rogue Waves F. Dias, T. J. Bridges, and J. M. Dudley -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The NLS Equation -- 3. Absolute and Convective Instabilities -- 4. The Case with Only Second-order Dispersion -- 5. Classifying the Instabilities in the Presence of Third-order Dispersion -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.